Title Details

ABOUT THE AUTHOR vii

PREFACE ix

BOOK COMPANION WEBSITE xxiii

A NOTE TO THE STUDENT xxv

CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF WATER USE ANDDEVELOPMENT 1

Drinking Water for Early Civilizations 1

Early Irrigation and Flood-ControlProjects 6

Egypt 6

China 6

The Middle East 8

India, Spain, Portugal, and South America 9

North America 9

Early Water Transportation Development 13

Egypt and Greece 13

China 13

Europe 14

United States 15

Early Hydropower Development 18

CHAPTER 2 THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE, CLIMATE, ANDWEATHER 24

The Properties of Water 25

The Hydrologic Cycle 27

Precipitation 27

Measuring Precipitation 29

Runoff 32

Surface and Groundwater Storage 33

Lakes and Reservoirs 33

CASESTUDY Great Salt Lake of Utah 35

CASESTUDY The Aral Sea of Uzbekistan 35

Wetlands 36

Groundwater 37

Evaporation 38

Condensation 41

GUEST ESSAY Fog Harvesting by Dr. Robert S. Schemenauer 41

Climate and Weather 46

Overview 46

Climate 46

Air Currents 46

Ocean Currents 48

Tilt of the Earth's Axis 49

Monitoring Climate Change 50

Urban Microclimates 51

GUEST ESSAY Urbanization and Its Effects on Key Atmospheric and Surface Water Cycles by Dr. J. Marshall Shepherd 51

Processes 51

Weather 55

Temperature 55

Air Pressure 56

Humidity 57

Heating 58

Wind Speed and Direction 62

Weather Modification 63

Floods 64

Drought 66

CHAPTER 3 SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY 74

What Is Surface Water Hydrology? 75

Watersheds 75

Delineating a Watershed 75

Overland Flow 78

Rivers 79

Components of a River 79

River Morphology 79

Types of Rivers 82

Gradient 83

Lakes 83

Types of Lakes 84

Ecological Zones 84

Thermal Cycles 85

Seiches 86

Water Measurement 86

Overland Flow 87

River Discharge 87

Water Storage in Lakes and Reservoirs 90

Flood Events 91

Flood Frequency 92

Probable Maximum Precipitation 93

Probable Maximum Flood 93

GUEST ESSAY GIS and Flooding by Jake Freier 94

Transport and Deposition 97

Velocity 98

Sediment Load 98

CHAPTER 4 GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY 104

What Is Groundwater? 105

What Is Groundwater Hydrology? 106

The Geology of Groundwater 107

Sedimentary Rocks 107

GUEST ESSAY Sinkholes by Carlos Herd 108

Glaciated Terrain 111

Alluvial Valleys 113

Tectonic Activity 113

Groundwater Recharge 114

Aquifers 115

Aquifer Types 116

Properties of Aquifers 119

Groundwater Movement 121

Age of Groundwater 126

Locating and Mapping Groundwater 127

Drilling a Groundwater Well 129

CHAPTER 5 WATER QUALITY 137

Water Pollution 137

Point Source and Nonpoint Source Pollution 139

Point Source Pollution 139

Nonpoint Source Pollution 142

Basic Parameters of Water 143

Temperature 143

Dissolved Oxygen 144

pH 144

Turbidity 146

Hardness 147

Inorganic Chemicals 147

Metals 148

Lead 148

Arsenic 149

Minerals 150

Salt 150

POLICY ISSUE 150

Fluoride 152

Selenium 152

Organic Chemicals 153

Natural Organic Chemicals 153

Synthetic Organic Compounds 153

Pesticides 155

Nutrients 157

Nitrogen 157

Phosphorus 158

The Nitrogen Cycle 159

Nitrogen Fixation 160

Mineralization/Ammonification 160

Nitrification 160

Denitrification 161

The Phosphorus Cycle 161

Eutrophication 162

Waterborne Diseases 162

Historical Problems 162

Microorganisms 164

Indicator Organisms 164

Other Waterborne Organisms 165

Water Quality Management 167

Fate and Transport 167

Fate and Transport in Surface Water 167

Fate and Transport in Groundwater 167

GUEST ESSAY Managing Data for a Groundwater Restoration Project by Dr. Curt Elmore 169

Wellhead Protection Programs 171

Organization 171

Delineation 171

Contamination Source Inventory 173

Source Management 173

Contingency Planning 173

Watershed Protection Programs 173

Total Maximum Daily Loads 174

GUEST ESSAY Lake Okeechobee TMDLs by Dr. David Radcliffe and Dr. Todd Rasmussen 175

Water Sampling 177

CHAPTER 6 MUNICIPAL AND IRRIGATION WATERDEVELOPMENT 185

Municipal Water Systems 186

CASESTUDY Los Angeles Department of Water and Power 187

CASESTUDY Lincoln Water System 191

CASESTUDY New York City Department of Environmental Protection 193

GUEST ESSAY Construction of City Tunnel #3 by Eileen M. Schnock 196

Irrigation 202

Historical Perspective 202

The Need for Irrigation 202

Irrigation Techniques 205

Gravity Irrigation 206

Sprinkler Irrigation 210

Drip Irrigation 213

CHAPTER 7 DAMS 217

Dam Basics 217

Purposes of Dams 217

Components of Dams 218

Types of Dams 219

Dam Operations 221

CASESTUDY Hoover Dam and Lake Mead, Nevada/Arizona 223

CASESTUDY Kingsley Dam and Lake McConaughy, Nebraska 227

CASESTUDY Grand Coulee Dam and Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake, Washington State 231

Cost-Benefit Analysis 234

Impacts of Dams 235

GUEST ESSAY Forced Urbanization: The Three Gorges Dam Relocation Process by Colin Flahive 237

Dams and Locks for Navigation 240

GUEST ESSAY Navigation on the Tennessee River by Ted Nelson 242

CHAPTER 8 WATER ALLOCATION LAW 249

Ancient Water Allocation Law 250

Code of Hammurabi 250

Justinian Code 251

Ancient Riparian Doctrine 251

Water Allocation Law: 1200–1799 252

Spanish Water Law 252

First Possession 254

English Common Law: 1200–1799 255

Mill Acts of the Eastern United States 255

Water Allocation Law: 1800–1847 258

Code Napoléon 258

Riparian Doctrine: 1800–1847 258

Tyler v. Wilkinson 259

Water Allocation Law in the Western United States: 1800–1847 260

Water Allocation Law: 1848–1899 262

Riparian Doctrine 262

Doctrine of Prior Appropriation: 1848–1899 262

The California Gold Rush 264

The Colorado Gold Rush 267

Water Allocation Law: 1900–Present 272

Riparian Doctrine 272

Doctrine of Prior Appropriation: 1900–Present 274

Interstate River Compacts 277

Selected River Compacts 277

Colorado River Compact of 1922 277

Niagara River Water Diversion Treaty of 1950 281

Delaware River Compact of 1961 281

Groundwater Allocation Law 282

Historical Perspective 282

Role of the Federal Government 283

Legal Properties of Groundwater 284

Federal Reserved Water Rights 286

GUEST ESSAY Stream Subflow and Water Rights by John Regan 287

CHAPTER 9 FEDERAL WATER AGENCIES 294

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) 295

Overview 295

Brief History and Duties 295

Navigation Duties 296

Flood-Control Duties 300

Wetlands Protection Duties 303

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) 306

Overview 306

Brief History 307

National Irrigation Congresses 308

The Reclamation Act of 1902 309

The Anti-Dam Construction Era 310

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 312

Overview 312

Brief History 313

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 316

Overview 316

Brief History 316

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) 320

Overview 320

Brief History 320

National Park Service (NPS) 322

Overview 322

Brief History 322

Bureau of Land Management (BLM) 324

Overview 324

Brief History 324

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) 325

Overview 325

Brief History 326

U.S. Forest Service (USFS) 326

Overview 326

Brief History 326

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 327

Overview and Brief History 327

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) 329

Overview and Brief History 329

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 329

Overview and Brief History 329

CHAPTER 10 LOCAL, REGIONAL, STATE, AND MULTISTATEWATER MANAGEMENT AGENCIES 338

Local Water Agencies 338

Municipal Water Departments 338

Historical Overview 339

Water and Sewer Districts 341

Overview 341

EXAMPLE: Highline Water District, Kent, Washington 341

Levee and Flood-Control Districts 342

Historical Overview 342

Levee Districts 342

Flood-Control Districts 345

EXAMPLE: Pima County Regional Flood Control District, Tucson, Arizona 345

Mutual Ditch and Irrigation Companies 346

Historical Overview 346

Regional Water Agencies 348

Overview 348

Irrigation Districts 348

EXAMPLE: Farwell Irrigation District, Farwell, Nebraska 348

Conservancy/Conservation Districts 349

EXAMPLE: Miami Conservancy District, Dayton, Ohio 350

Natural Resources Districts—Nebraska 350

EXAMPLE: Papio-Missouri River Natural Resources District, Omaha, Nebraska 351

Groundwater Management Districts—Kansas 352

EXAMPLE: Northwest Kansas Groundwater Management District No. 4, Colby, Kansas 353

Water Management Districts—Florida 353

State Water Agencies 355

State of Arizona Water Agencies 355

State of Rhode Island Water Agencies 356

Multistate Water Agencies 357

Chesapeake Bay Commission 357

Missouri River Basin Association 357

Water Management in Mexico and Canada 359

Overview 359

GUEST ESSAY Water Management in Mexico by Dr. Alvaro A. Aldama 360

GUEST ESSAY Water Management in Canada: The Inter-Jurisdictional Context by Ralph L. Pentland 366

Careers 371

CHAPTER 11 DRINKING-WATER AND WASTEWATERTREATMENT 374

Historical Perspective on Drinking-Water Treatment 374

GUEST ESSAY Water Desalination in the Middle East: One of the Realistic Options by Dr. Fares M. Howari 380

Federal Protection of Drinking Water in the United States 383

Drinking-Water Treatment Process 384

Protection of Water Quality 384

Intakes for Raw Water 385

CASESTUDY Department of Water Management, City of Chicago, Illinois 386

Pretreatment of Drinking Water 388

Flocculation/Coagulation 388

Filtration 388

CASESTUDY Sewerage and Water Board, City of New Orleans, Louisiana 389

Final Drinking-Water Treatment 390

Distribution System 390

Historical Perspective on Wastewater Treatment 393

Wastewater Treatment Process 396

Primary Treatment 396

Secondary Treatment 397

Tertiary Treatment 398

Nutrient Removal 398

Septic Tanks and Leach Fields 399

Wetlands and Water Treatment 400

CHAPTER 12 WATER, FISH, AND WILDLIFE 406

Early Fish and Wildlife Protection 406

Fish and Wildlife Protection in the 20^th Century 407

Wild and Scenic Rivers Act 408

National Environmental Policy Act 410

Endangered Species Act 413

Wetlands and Wildlife 415

CASESTUDY Snail Darters and the Little Tennessee River 421

CASESTUDY Whooping Cranes and the Platte River 424

CASESTUDY Salmon and the Columbia River 428

Human–Environment Relationship 434

GUEST ESSAY Careers in Fish and Wildlife Management by Larry Rogstad 434

CHAPTER 13 THE ECONOMICS OF WATER 441

Introduction 441

The Value of Water 442

Water as a Public versus a Private Good 443

Privatization 444

Water Affordability 445

Water Marketing 446

Surface Water Marketing 446

Groundwater Marketing 449

Water Banking 450

Pollution Fees and Credits 451

Environmental Values 452

CHAPTER 14 WATER USE CONFLICTS 455

Reasons for Water Use Conflicts 455

Texas 457

GUEST ESSAY Water Planning in Texas by Connie Townsend 458

Alabama and Florida versus Georgia 463

Northern and Southern California 468

Canada 469

The Middle East 470

Religious/Political Background 471

Water Resources in the Middle East 473

West Bank Mountain Aquifer 473

Jordan River 473

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers 475

Tragedy of the Commons 477

CHAPTER 15 EMERGING WATER ISSUES 482

Future Global Water Management Issues 483

Population 483

Lack of Wastewater Treatment 483

Environmental Degradation 484

SCENARIO 1: ‘‘Business as Usual’’ 485

Future Global Water Management Solutions 486

Privatization of Water Treatment and Delivery 486

SCENARIO 2: ‘‘Technology Saves the Day’’ 487

Groundwater Recharge 487

Water Conservation 488

Dam Construction 489

SCENARIO 3: ‘‘Global Warming Floods the World’’ 490

Water Education 490

The Watercourse and International Project WET 490

Water Education Foundation 491

Groundwater Foundation 491

American Ground Water Trust 491

Stockholm International Water Institute 492

The Need for Cooperation 492

The Human Factor 492

Ethics 493

The Power of the Individual 494

SCENARIO 4: ‘‘Space Is the Answer’’ 495

GUEST ESSAY Where Do We Go from Here? by Susan S. Seacrest 496

Conclusions 499

APPENDIX

Reading Topographic Maps 503

Selected Environmental and Conservation Organizations 504

Ducks Unlimited 504

Environmental Defense Fund 504

National Audubon Society 505

National Wildlife Federation 506

Nature Conservancy 506

Natural Resources Defense Council 506

Sierra Club 506

Trout Unlimited 507

Wilderness Society 507

PHOTO AND ILLUSTRATION CREDITS 509

GLOSSARY 513

INDEX 527