Title Details

Laura Bowater has recently been awarded a Public and Community Engagement Award from CUE (Community University Engagement) East, the Beacon of Excellence in the Eastern region.

Kay Yeoman's work has been recognized by a nomination for the Royal Society Kohn Award in 2008 and also a Public and Community Engagement Award from CUE East the Beacon of Excellence in the Eastern Region.

About the Authors ix

About the Contributors xi

Foreword xix

Prologue xxi

Acknowledgements xxiii

1 A Guide to Science Communication 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 The Influence of Science Societies Charities and Organisations 2

1.3 Modern Societies and Organisations 7

1.4 Science Communication as a Discipline 7

1.5 Phases of Science Communication 9

1.6 Recent Initiatives 18

1.7 A Way Forward 19

References 19

2 Scientists Communicating with the Public 23

2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 What does ‘Science and Society’ mean for Scientists? The Changing Environment 23

2.3 Are Academics Involved in Public Engagement? 34

2.4 What is the Current Level of Science Communication by Scientists? 39

2.5 Concluding Remarks 43

References 44

Useful Websites 45

3 Encouraging Scientists to Communicate with the Public 46

3.1 Introduction 46

3.2 Science Communication: the Barriers 48

3.3 Removing Barriers and Providing Incentives 52

3.4 Seeking Advice and Support 63

3.5 Embedding PE in Your Job 67

3.6 Personal Benefits and Benefits to the Wider Society 70

References 72

4 Communication Learning and Writing 74

4.1 Communication Theories 74

4.2 Learning and Learning Theory 75

4.3 Learning Theory Frameworks 77

4.4 Constructivism and How it Applies to Science Communication Events 77

4.5 Learning Styles 78

4.6 Model of Family Centred Learning 83

4.7 Successful Scientific Writing for the Public 85

4.8 Concluding Remarks 91

Recommended Additional Reading for Writing for the Public 91

References 91

5 Monitoring and Evaluating your Event or Activity 93

5.1 Introduction 93

5.2 Key Stages in Undertaking an Engagement Project 94

5.3 Monitoring and Evaluating 97

5.4 Undertaking Evaluation 100

5.5 Interviews 107

5.6 Focus Groups 108

5.7 Observational Research 109

5.8 Deciding Which Evaluation Tools to Use for Your Project 109

5.9 Analysing the Results 113

5.10 Reporting the Results 117

5.11 Assessing Impact 118

5.12 Ethical Issues Associated with Evaluation Projects 119

Other Useful Resources and References 119

6 Getting Started with Public Science Communication 121

6.1 Introduction 121

6.2 Understanding Your Audience 123

6.3 Taking Your First Steps 136

6.4 Planning Your Own Event or Activity 136

6.5 How to Design Hooks for Your Event or Activity 143

6.6 Designing a Science Communication Activity 145

6.7 Consider Your Resources – Consumables Equipment Expertise and People (CEEP) 148

6.8 How to Get Your Project Funded 149

6.9 Top Tips for Successful Marketing 158

6.10 Health and Safety 159

6.11 Concluding Remarks 164

References 164

7 Direct Public Communication 166

7.1 Introduction 166

7.2 Direct Communication Delivering Information 166

7.3 Information through Conversation 182

7.4 A Focus on Policymakers 209

7.5 Concluding Remarks 225

References 225

8 Indirect Public Communication 227

8.1 Introduction 227

8.2 A Focus on Science and Television 227

8.3 A Focus on Radio and Science 232

8.4 A Focus on Newspapers 235

8.5 A Focus on Science and Writing 238

8.6 A Focus on Science Advocacy 244

8.7 A Focus on Citizen Science 245

8.8 Public Involvement in Health Research 259

8.9 A Focus on Web 2.0 Tools and Services 261

8.10 Concluding Remarks 274

References 274

9 Getting Started with Science Communication in Schools 277

9.1 Introduction 277

9.2 School Science Education and Scientific Literacy 278

9.3 A Skills Shortage in Science 280

9.4 Attitudes and Knowledge of Young People about Science 280

9.5 The Importance of Extra-curricular Science to Achievement 284

9.6 Getting Started with Science Communication in Schools 285

9.7 Think about your Resources Consumables and Equipment 302

9.8 School Years and Qualifications 302

9.9 Concluding Remarks 305

References 305

Useful Websites 306

10 Demonstrating Interactions between Scientists and Schools 307

10.1 Introduction 307

10.2 Enhancing the Curriculum within the School Environment 308

10.3 Developing Cross-Curricular Activities for Primary and Secondary Schools 329

10.4 Enhancing the Curriculum with Activities with a School Audience but Outside the School Environment 333

10.5 Influencing Curriculum Change 337

10.6 Embedding Scientists into Schools 338

10.7 Training Teachers 343

10.8 Concluding Remarks 344

References 344

Epilogue 347

Abbreviations and Acronyms 349

Index 351

“This book is an effective manual of how scientists can – and should – engage with the public.”  (Watershed Sentinel, 1 July 2013)

“The book is easy to read and contains many references and consulting it will improve any science communication event.”  (TCE Today.com, 1 November 2013)

“If you want to know more about the history of science communication, how it fits with your day job, or about other people’s experiences then this book will be of value. It is written in an academic style with references to further reading throughout. . . I would recommend this book as an introduction to sci-com.”  (Microbiology Today, 30 August 2013)

“Science Communication – A practical guide for scientists will be an invaluable resource for any scientist wishing to develop their scientific career by starting to engage in science communication or for those who already have experience in science communication and wish to refresh their skills.”  (Nutrition Bulletin, 1 June  2013)