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More About This Title Building Brains - An Introduction to NeuralDevelopment
English
Building Brains provides a highly visual and readily accessible introduction to the main events that occur during neural development and the mechanisms by which they occur. Aimed at undergraduate students and postgraduates new to the field, who may not have a background in neuroscience and/or molecular genetics, it explains how cells in the early embryo first become neural, how their proliferation is controlled, what regulates the types of neural cells they become, how neurons connect to each other, how these connections are later refined under the influence of neural activity including that arising from experience, and why some neurons normally die.
Key Features:
A concise illustrated guide focusing on the core elements of current understanding of neural development, emphasising common principles underlying developmental mechanisms and supplemented by suggestions for further reading.Text boxes throughout provide further detail on selected major advances, issues of particular uncertainty or controversy and examples of human diseases that result from abnormal development.A balanced mammalian/non-mammalian perspective, drawing on examples from model organisms including the fruit fly, nematode worm, frog, zebrafish, chick, mouse, ferret, cat, monkey and human, and emphasising mechanisms that are conserved across species.Introduces the methods for studying neural development including genetics, transgenic technologies, advanced microscopy and computational modeling, allowing the reader to understand the main evidence underlying research advances.Student-friendly, full colour artwork reinforces important concepts; an extensive glossary and definitions in page margins help readers from different backgrounds; chapter summaries stress important points and aid revision.Associated Website includes a complete set of figures from the textbook.English
Conventions and Commonly used Abbreviations.
1 Models and Methods for Studying Neural Development.
1.1 What is neural development?
1.2 Why research neural development?
1.3 Major breakthroughs that have contributed to understanding developmental mechanisms.
1.4 Invertebrate model organisms.
1.5 Vertebrate model organisms.
1.6 Observation and experiment: methods for studying neural development.
1.7 Summary.
2 The Anatomy of Developing Nervous Systems.
2.1 The nervous system develops from the embryonic neuroectoderm.
2.2 Anatomical terms used to describe locations in embryos.
2.3 Development of the neuroectoderm of invertebrates.
2.4 Development of the neuroectoderm of vertebrates and the process of neurulation.
2.5 Secondary neurulation in vertebrates.
2.6 Formation of invertebrate and vertebrate peripheral nervous systems.
2.7 Summary.
3 Neural Induction: An Example of How Intercellular Signalling Determines Cell Fates.
3.1 What is neural induction?
3.2 Specification and commitment.
3.3 The discovery of neural induction.
3.4 A more recent breakthrough: identifying molecules that mediate neural induction.
3.5 Conservation of neural induction mechanisms in Drosophila.
3.6 Beyond the default model – other signalling pathways involved in neural induction.
3.7 Signal transduction: how cells respond to intercellular signals.
3.8 Intercellular signalling regulates gene expression.
3.9 The essence of development: a complex interplay of intercellular and intracellular signalling.
3.10 Summary.
4 Patterning the Neuroectoderm.
4.1 Regional patterning of the nervous system.
4.2 Patterning the anteroposterior (AP) axis of the Drosophila CNS.
4.3 Patterning the AP axis of the vertebrate CNS.
4.4 Refining AP axis patterning within regions and segments.
4.5 Patterning the dorsoventral (DV) axis of the nervous system.
4.6 Bringing it all together.
4.7 Summary.
5 Neurogenesis: Generating Neural Cells.
5.1 Generating neural cells.
5.2 Neurogenesis in Drosophila.
5.3 Neurogenesis in vertebrates.
5.4 The regulation of neuronal subtype identity.
5.5 The regulation of cell proliferation during neurogenesis.
5.6 Temporal regulation of neural identity
5.7 Why do we need to know about neurogenesis?
5.8 Summary.
6 Neuronal Migration.
6.1 Many neurons migrate long distances during formation of the nervous system.
6.2 How can neuronal migration be observed?
6.3 Major modes of migration.
6.4 Initiation of migration.
6.5 How are migrating cells guided to their destinations?
6.6 Locomotion.
6.7 Journey’s end – termination of migration.
6.8 The mechanisms that govern migration of important populations of cortical neurons remain unknown.
6.9 Summary.
7 How Neurons Develop Their Shapes.
7.1 Neurons form two specialized types of outgrowth.
7.2 The growing neurite.
7.3 Stages of neurite outgrowth.
7.4 Neurite outgrowth is influenced by a neuron's surroundings.
7.5 Molecular responses in the growth cone.
7.6 Active transport along the axon is important for outgrowth.
7.7 The development of neuronal polarity.
7.8 Dendrites.
7.9 Summary.
8 Axon Guidance.
8.1 Many axons navigate long and complex routes.
8.2 The growth cone.
8.3 How might axons be guided to their targets?
8.4 Breaking the journey – intermediate targets.
8.5 Contact guidance.
8.6 Guidance of axons by diffusible cues – chemotropism.
8.7 How do axons change their behaviour at choice points?
8.8 How can such a small number of cues guide such a large number of axons?
8.9 Some axons form specific connections over very short distances, likely using different mechanisms.
8.10 The growth cone has autonomy in its ability to respond to guidance cues.
8.11 Transcription factors regulate axon guidance decisions.
8.12 Summary.
9 Map Formation.
9.1 What are maps?
9.2 Types of maps.
9.3 Principles of map formation.
9.4 Development of coarse maps: cortical areas.
9.5 Development of fine maps: topographic.
9.6 Inputs from multiple structures: when maps collide.
9.7 Development of feature maps.
9.8 Summary.
10 Maturation of Functional Properties.
10.1 Neurons are excitable cells.
10.2 Neuronal excitability during development.
10.3 Developmental processes regulated by neuronal excitability.
10.4 Synaptogenesis.
10.5 Spinogenesis.
10.6 Summary.
11 Life and Death in the Developing Nervous System.
11.1 The frequency and function of cell death during normal development.
11.2 Cells die in one of two main ways: apoptosis or necrosis.
11.3 Studies in invertebrates have taught us much about how cells kill themselves.
11.4 Most of the genes that regulate programmed cell death in C. elegans are conserved in vertebrates.
11.5 Examples of neurodevelopmental processes in which programmed cell death plays a prominent role.
11.6 Neurotrophic factors are important regulators of cell survival and death.
11.7 A role for electrical activity in regulating programmed cell death.
11.8 Summary.
12 Experience-Dependent Development.
12.1 Effects of experience on visual system development.
12.2 How does experience change functional connectivity?.
12.3 Cellular basis of plasticity: development of inhibitory networks.
12.4 Homeostatic plasticity.
12.5 Structural plasticity and the role of the extracellular matrix.
12.6 Summary.
Suggestions for Further Reading.
Glossary.
Index.
English
"Overall, a student-friendly guide for those new to the field of neural development. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and graduate students." (Choice, 1 December 2011)
"Building Brains, on the other hand, is a good start to understanding what goes on during the complex process that takes us from a tiny, simple cell to the complexities of the brain." (Lab Times, 1 July 2011)
"The main strength of Building Brains already becomes evident at this point: it is a highly visual book, and the graphics are very well thought through. In the introduction, each of the model animals is represented by a small black icon that re-occurs throughout the book whenever experimental evidence from that animal is presented. . . All in all, the book ‘does exactly what it says on the tin', providing an introduction to the subject, and an inspiring one at that." (J Physiol, 2011)
"Another way the authors have made this text accessible is with the layout and organisation. . .If were to come into the field again, Building Brains would be well worth a read. I think the authors have met the challenge of making neural development accessible, whilst keeping it enjoyable too." (BNA Bulletin, 2011)
"For undergraduates, for more advanced students studying medicine or any subject requiring an understanding of the nervous system, and for students entering such a field without prior knowledge of neuroscience - here's an accessible, yet rigorous, abundantly illustrated text offering a multifaceted approach." (Book News, 1 August 2011)
"With an extensive use of clear and colorful illustrations, this book makes accessible to undergraduates the beauty and complexity of neural development. The book fills a void in undergraduate neuroscience curricula, which would not be complete without an introduction to the important topic of nervous system development."
—Mark F. Bear, Ph.D. Picower Professor of Neuroscience, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute
“The book ‘does exactly what it says on the tin’, providing an introduction to the subject, and an inspiring one at that.”
—J Physiol 589 (17), 2011
