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More About This Title Staying Well After Psychosis - A CognitiveInterpersonal Approach to Recovery and RelapsePrevention
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English
—Anthony P. Morrison, Professor of Clinical Psychology, University of Manchester, UK
Over the past decade our understanding of the experience of psychosis has changed dramatically. As part of this change, a range of psychological models of psychosis and associated interventions have developed.
Staying Well After Psychosis presents an individually based psychological intervention targeting emotional recovery and relapse prevention. This approach considers the cognitive, interpersonal and developmental aspects involved in recovery and vulnerability to the recurrence of psychosis.
Andrew Gumley and Matthias Schwannauer provide a framework for recovery and staying well that focuses on emotional and interpersonal adaptation to psychosis. This practical manual covers, in detail, all aspects of the therapeutic process of Cognitive Interpersonal Therapy, including:
- Taking a developmental perspective on help seeking and affect regulation.
- Supporting self-reorganisation and adaptation after acute psychosis.
- Understanding and treating traumatic reactions to psychosis.
- Working with humiliation, entrapment, loss and fear of recurrence appraisals during recovery.
- Working with cognitive interpersonal schemata.
- Developing coping in an interpersonal context.
Clinical psychologists, psychiatrists and mental health professionals will find this innovative treatment manual to be a valuable resource in their work with adults and adolescents. This book will also be of interest to lecturers and students of clinical psychology and mental health.
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Matthias Schwannauer is Lecturer and Research Supervisor in Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychology on the University of Edinburgh Clinical Psychology Training Course, Research Co-ordinator in the Young People's Unit in Edinburgh and Practising clinician as consultant clinical Psychologist in an adolescent onset psychosis service in Lothian. His current clinical and research interest include the relationship between interpersonal and cognitive factors in developmental models of server and enduring disorder groups. He is particularly interested in the developmental onset of sever mental health problems with regard to psychological factors of vulnerability and resilience to psychiatric disorders. In the past few years Matthias has investigated developmental models of interpersonal and cognitive aspects of emotion regulation in a number of populations, such as depression in a highly vulnerable group of single, young homeless adolescents with an early onset psychosis and individuals suffering from bipolar disorder. He is interested in the advancement of a developmental psychopathology model of affect regulation in a range of populations with severe and recurring psychological difficulties.
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About the Authors ix
Preface xi
Foreword by Max Birchwood xv
Acknowledgements xvii
PART I THEORETICAL OVERVIEW 1
1 Current Perspectives on Relapse, Relapse Detection and Prevention 3
Introduction 3
Psychological Therapies and Relapse Prevention 4
Affect, Meaning and Relapse 18
A Cognitive Behavioural Model of Early Signs and Relapse 23
Antipsychotic Medication and Relapse 27
Implications for Staying Well after Psychosis 32
2 Attachment Theory, Self-regulation and Psychosis 34
Introduction 34
Patterns of Attachment 36
Attachment Theory and Later Psychopathology 38
Stability of Attachment Organisation 42
Attachment Organisation and Psychosis 43
3 Psychological Factors in Vulnerability and Transition to Relapse 47
Introduction 47
The Interpersonal Context 48
The Wider Social Context of Psychosis 54
Significant Life Events 56
Trauma 57
Interpersonal Coping 59
Appraisals of Psychosis and Emotional Distress 62
Conclusions 63
PART II OVERVIEW OF STRUCTURE, STYLE AND ORGANISATION OF THERAPY 65
4 Overview of Principles and Procedures 67
Introduction 67
Primary and Secondary Outcomes 67
Assessment 68
Structure of Therapy 73
Style of Therapy 75
Basic Elements of the Therapeutic Stance 79
General Outline of Therapy Sessions 79
Service Model 84
5 Strategies for Engagement and Formulation 86
Introduction 86
Attachment Organisation, Recovery and Distress 86
Validation 91
The Evolution of Therapeutic Discourse 95
Case Formulation 97
Case Formulation in SWAP 99
Conclusions 102
PART III SPECIFIC COGNITIVE AND INTERPERSONAL STRATEGIES FOR RECOVERY AND RELAPSE PREVENTION AFTER PSYCHOSIS 103
6 Reorganisation of the Self in Recovery: Working with Humiliation, Entrapment and Loss 105
Introduction 105
Life Events and their Dimensions 106
Bowlby on Loss 109
Clinical Interventions and Techniques 111
Conclusions 122
7 Working with Interpersonal Distrust: Developing a Conceptualisation of the Paranoid Mind 124
Introduction 124
Paranoia as an Interpersonal Threat Response 124
The Paranoid Mind is Strategically Deployed 126
Attachment and Paranoia 126
Problems with the Term ‘Paranoia’ 128
Working with the Personal Distress of the Paranoid Mind 129
Awareness of the Paranoid Mind 132
Development of an Accepting Rationale for Paranoia as a Response 133
Benefits and Costs of the Paranoid Mind 135
Development of Alternative Interpersonal Strategies 137
Conclusions 138
8 Working with Traumatic Reactions to Psychotic Experiences 140
Introduction 140
Psychosis as a Traumatic Event 141
Trauma Theory 144
Assimilation and Accommodation 147
Exploring Traumatic Reactions 150
Explaining Traumatic Reactions 152
Exploring Meaning within Traumatic Memories and Imagery 154
Contrasting Experiences of Psychosis and PTSD 158
Conclusions 160
9 Interpersonal Strategies 161
Introduction 161
The Social Environment 161
Interpersonal Environments as a Basis for Psychological Intervention 165
The Role of Interpersonal Anxieties and Social Withdrawal 167
Areas of Interpersonal Difficulties 173
Working with Interpersonal Sensitivity 177
Conclusions 181
10 Working with Underlying Schemata and Core Beliefs 182
Introduction 182
Early Parental Loss and Psychopathology 182
Childhood Abuse and Neglect 183
Psychological Sequelae of Childhood Abuse and Neglect 183
Unresolved Attachment Status 185
Early Childhood Trauma and Psychosis 186
Trauma, Dissociation and Schizotypy 187
Schemata and Internal Working Models 189
Identifying Schemata 192
Schemata and Behaviour Relationships 193
Core Belief Change Strategies in Cognitive Therapy 195
Working with Underdeveloped Strategies 196
Conclusions 201
11 Awareness, Intrusiveness and Fear of Relapse 202
Introduction 202
Phenomenology of Relapse 202
Subjective Experiences and Psychosis 203
Appraisals and Relapse 205
Awareness, Intrusiveness and Fear 206
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Relapse Prevention 209
Exploring Experiences of Relapse 210
Explaining Beliefs 212
Early Signs Monitoring 213
The Initial Interview for Targeted CBT 214
Testing the Formulation 215
Decatastrophising Relapse 215
Contracting Intervention 216
Subsequent Sessions 216
Introducing Flexibility into Beliefs 218
Transforming Beliefs 219
Testing Transformed Beliefs 221
Conclusions 222
12 Conclusion 224
Introduction 224
Overview of the Treatment Manual 224
Therapist Training 229
Therapeutic Context 229
Appendix I Fear of Recurrence Scale (FoRSe) Questionnaire 231
Appendix II Diagrammatical Formulation of Early Signs 233
Bibliography 235
Index 283
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"Represents a giant step forward in the treatment of schizophrenia. A must for all mental health professionals dealing with this condition."
—Aaron T. Beck, University Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, USA