Title Details

Nikos D. Hatziargyriou is professor at the Power Division of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of the National Technical University of Athens. From February 2007 to September 2012, he was Deputy CEO of the Public Power Corporation (PPC) of Greece, responsible for Transmission and Distribution Networks, island DNO and the Center of Testing, Research and Prototyping. He is Fellow Member of IEEE, past Chair of the Power System Dynamic Performance Committee and Chair of CIGRE SC C6 “Distribution Systems and Distributed Generation”. He is co-chair of the EU Advisory Council of the Technology Platform on SmartGrids. He has participated in more than 50 R&DD Projects, and was coordinator of the EU funded “Care”, “More Care”, “Rise”, “Merge”, “Microgrids” and “More Microgrids” projects. He is author of more than 160 journal publications and 500 conference proceedings papers. His research interests include Smartgrids, Microgrids, Distributed and Renewable Energy Sources and Power System Security.

Foreword xiii

Preface xv

List of Contributors xix

1 The Microgrids Concept 1
Christine Schwaegerl and Liang Tao

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 The Microgrid Concept as a Means to Integrate Distributed Generation 3

1.3 Clarification of the Microgrid Concept 4

1.4 Operation and Control of Microgrids 8

1.5 Market Models for Microgrids 12

1.6 Status Quo and Outlook of Microgrid Applications 22

2 Microgrids Control Issues 25
Aris Dimeas, Antonis Tsikalakis, George Kariniotakis and George Korres

2.1 Introduction 25

2.2 Control Functions 25

2.3 The Role of Information and Communication Technology 27

2.4 Microgrid Control Architecture 28

2.5 Centralized and Decentralized Control 32

2.6 Forecasting 35

2.7 Centralized Control 40

2.8 Decentralized Control 51

2.9 State Estimation 72

2.10 Conclusions 76

3 Intelligent Local Controllers 81
Thomas Degner, Nikos Soultani, Alfred Engler and Asier Gil de Muro

3.1 Introduction 81

3.2 Inverter Control Issues in the Formation of Microgrids 82

3.4 Implications of Line Parameters on Frequency and Voltage Droop Concepts 92

3.5 Development and Evaluation of Innovative Local Controls to Improve Stability 98

3.6 Conclusions 115

4 Microgrid Protection 117
Alexander Oudalov, Thomas Degner, Frank van Overbeeke and Jose Miguel Yarza

4.1 Introduction 117

4.2 Challenges for Microgrid Protection 118

4.3 Adaptive Protection for Microgrids 125

4.4 Fault Current Source for Effective Protection in Islanded Operation 146

4.5 Fault Current Limitation in Microgrids 151

4.6 Conclusions 154

5 Operation of Multi-Microgrids 165
Joao Abel PeScas Lopes, Andre Madureira, Nuno Gil and Fernanda Resende

5.1 Introduction 165

5.2 Multi-Microgrid Control and Management Architecture 167

5.3 Coordinated Voltage/var Support 169

5.4 Coordinated Frequency Control 178

5.5 Emergency Functions (Black Start) 186

5.6 Dynamic Equivalents 192

5.7 Conclusions 202

6 Pilot Sites: Success Stories and Learnt Lessons 206
George Kariniotakis, Aris Dimeas and Frank Van Overbeeke (Sections 6.1, 6.2)

6.1 Introduction 206

6.2 Overview of Microgrid Projects in Europe 206

6.3 Overview of Microgrid Projects in the USA 231
John Romankiewicz, Chris Marnay (Section 6.3)

6.4 Overview of Japanese Microgrid Projects 249
Satoshi Morozumi (Section 6.4)

6.5 Overview of Microgrid Projects in China 262
Meiqin Mao (Section 6.5)

6.6 An Off-Grid Microgrid in Chile 270
Rodrigo Palma Behnke and Guillermo Jimenez-Estevez (Section 6.6)

7 Quantification of Technical, Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits of Microgrid Operation 275
Christine Schwaegerl and Liang Tao

7.1 Introduction and Overview of Potential Microgrid Benefits 275

7.2 Setup of Benefit Quantification Study 278

7.3 Quantification of Microgrids Benefits under Standard Test Conditions 285

7.4 Impact of External Market Prices and Pricing Policies 296

7.5 Impact of Microgrid Operation Strategy 303

7.6 Extension to European Scale 307

7.7 Conclusions 310

References 313

Index 315

“This book is a must read resource for anyone interested in the design and operation of microgrids and the integration of renewable resources into the power grid ” 
—Sakis Meliopoulos, Distinguished Professor at Georgia Tech School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, USA

“This book not only explains in a very good way what a microgrid is, it also explains how microgrids work and how to build them. The book is written by an impressive group of experts in the field and the contents is equally impressive. Whether you want to know just a bit about microgrids, or a lot about microgrids, this book is highly recommended reading. Even those not interested in microgrids might find a lot of interesting material in this book” 
—Math Bollen, Fellow IEEE, Professor, Luleå University of Technology, Skellefteå, Sweden

“This book is the culmination of the work of leading experts in various aspects of Microgrids.  It is based on six years of work funded by the European Commission. The concept and rationale of Microgrids are discussed in a way that is accessible to both the specialist and non-specialist. Various technical aspects of Microgrids are investigated in detail including architectures, operation and control, protection as well as social and economic benefits. The book is unique in the way it uses case studies of Microgrid pilot sites around the world to test and validate various operational and control approaches under real life conditions. The lessons learnt from the pilot sites are also captured and can be used to inform future work. The book comes at an opportune time as it deals with many issues that provide the bedrock for smart grids. It covers the key defining features of future power systems which are likely to be characterised by decentralised electricity supply with significant roles for renewable energy, storage and demands side participation leading to the brave new world of so-called “democratisation of energy supply”. Professionals and students alike, embarking on a career either in industry or research on sustainable energy systems in which smart grid concepts will play an increasingly central role, will find this book essential reading and an invaluable companion” 
—Dr Joseph Mutale, Senior Lecturer Electrical Energy and Power Systems, University of Manchester, UK

“The book is based on the work of several leading experts in the field of Microgrids, as a result of multi-year joint European projects. It is an essential resource for anyone involved in the analysis, design and operation of Microgrids, as it provides an excellent analysis of the role of Microgrids within the power systems structure, focusing on the primary and secondary control, protection and management at Microgrid and Multi-Microgrid level.  The book also uses several interesting case studies of Microgrid pilot sites to explain and clarify several concepts. It is a must read reference of anyone active in this field”. 
—Professor Paolo Mattavelli, Center for Power Electronics Systems, Virginia Tech, USA