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More About This Title Universities as Complex Enterprises: How AcademiaWorks, Why It Works These Ways, and Where the University Enterprise Is Headed
English
Explores the nature of academic enterprises, including why they work the way they do and where such enterprises are headed, with the goal of gaining insights into where change can and will happen
This book looks at universities from a whole-enterprise perspective. It explores the steady escalation of the costs of higher education and uses a computational economic model of complex academic enterprises. This model includes component models of research, teaching, administration, and brand value. Understanding the relationships among practices, processes, structure, and ecosystem provides the basis for transforming academia, leveraging its strengths and overcoming its limitations. More specifically, this architecture helps the reader understand how various elements of the enterprise system either enable or hinder other elements of the system, all of which are embedded in a complex behavioral and social ecosystem. Each topic is explored in terms of the levels of the architecture at which it primarily functions. Levers of change within each area are discussed, using many experiences of pursuing such issues in a range of academic enterprises.
• Provides a new methodology by taking a more systems-oriented approach to education systems as a whole
• Shows how various elements of the enterprise system either enable or hinder other elements of the system
• Offers alternative strategies for transformation of academic enterprises
Universities as Complex Enterprises: How Academia Works, Why It Works These Ways, and Where the University Enterprise Is Headed is a reference for systems scientists and engineers, economists, social scientists, and decision makers.
William B. Rouse is the Alexander Crombie Humphreys Chair within the School of Systems & Enterprises and Director of the Center for Complex Systems and Enterprises at Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey. He is also Professor Emeritus, and former Chair, of the School of Industrial and Systems Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. Rouse has written hundreds of articles and book chapters, and has authored many books, including most recently Modeling and Visualization of Complex Systems and Enterprises (Wiley, 2015).
English
English
Preface xi
1 Introduction and Overview 1
Overall Approach, 4
Universities as Complex Systems, 5
Complex Adaptive Systems, 6
Universities as Complex Adaptive Systems, 8
Nonlinear, Dynamic Behavior, 8
Independent Agents, 8
Goals and Behaviors That Differ or Conflict, 8
Intelligent and Learning Agents, 9
Self‐Organization, 9
No Single Point(s) of Control, 9
Implications, 9
Overview of Chapters, 10
Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview, 10
Chapter 2: Evolution of the Research University, 10
Chapter 3: Mission and Structure, 10
Chapter 4: Leadership and Governance, 11
Chapter 5: Administration, 11
Chapter 6: Money and Space, 11
Chapter 7: Promotion and Tenure, 11
Chapter 8: Education Programs, 12
Chapter 9: Research and Intellectual Property, 12
Chapter 10: Rankings and Brand Value, 12
Chapter 11: Transformation Scenarios, 12
Chapter 12: Exploring the Future, 13
References, 13
2 Evolution of the Research University 15
Early Universities in Europe, 16
University of Bologna, 16
University of Paris, 17
University of Oxford, 17
University of Padua, 17
University of Cambridge, 18
Summary, 18
Early Universities in America, 19
Humboldt’s Innovation, 19
Morrill Acts, 20
Bush and NSF, 22
Engineering Science, 24
Today’s Research Universities, 24
Conclusions, 26
References, 27
3 Mission and Structure 29
Mission, 29
Athletics, 31
Structure, 32
Ecosystem: Society and Government, 32
Structure: Campuses, Colleges, Schools, and Departments, 33
Processes: Education, Research, and Service, 34
Practices: Education, Research, and Service, 35
Research Centers, 35
Appointments, 38
Conclusions, 39
References, 39
4 Leadership and Governance 41
Leadership, 42
Leadership and Change, 42
Leadership and Time, 44
Stewards of the Status Quo, 46
Leading Research Centers, 48
Leadership Experiences, 49
Governance, 51
Governing Boards, 51
Administration and Faculty, 51
Other Players, 52
Governance Experiences, 52
Conclusions, 55
References, 55
5 Administration 57
Number of Administrators and Costs, 59
Performance Evaluation, 61
Conflict Management, 64
Conflicts within Organizations, 64
Conflicts across Organizations, 64
People Conflicts, 65
Compliance and Abuse, 66
Marketing and Communications, 66
Book Series, 67
The Costs of Conformity, 67
Conclusions, 68
References, 69
6 Money and Space 71
Economics of Higher Education, 72
Value of Education, 72
Economists’ Views, 73
Government Subsidies, 74
Higher Education Bubble, 74
Public Endowment, 75
Costs of Higher Education, 75
Cost Disease, 75
Cost Analyses, 76
Indirect Costs, 77
Staffing Patterns, 77
Student and Institutional Debt, 78
Revenue: Tuition, 79
Revenue: Government Dependencies, 80
Revenue: Fundraising, 81
Fundraising Experiences, 82
Summary, 83
Lessons Learned, 83
Overall Economic Model, 85
Space, 86
Conclusions, 87
References, 87
7 Promotion and Tenure 89
Nature and Roles of Faculty, 90
Academic Disciplines, 90
Faculty Impact, 91
TT versus NTT Faculty, 92
Availability of Faculty Positions, 92
Faculty Turnover, 93
Nature of Tenure Decisions, 95
Promotion and Tenure Experiences, 97
What Really Counts, 98
Making the Case, 98
Model of Tenure Decision Making, 99
Conclusions, 103
References, 103
8 Education Programs 105
Stem Challenges, 106
Student Population, 106
Value of Education, 107
Degree Programs, 108
Curricula and Courses, 109
Delivery of Education, 110
Teaching Experiences, 112
Workforce Model, 114
Conclusions, 118
References, 119
9 Research and Intellectual Property 121
Challenges, 122
Peer Review, 122
Bibliometrics, 122
Funding, 124
Research Experiences, 125
Libraries and Networks, 125
Limits of Modeling, 125
Healthcare Delivery, 126
Interactive Visualization, 126
Government Sponsors, 127
Industry Sponsors, 127
Research Model, 128
Submission of Articles, 128
Citation of Articles, 130
Submission of Proposals, 131
Overall Model, 132
Intellectual Property, 135
Spin‐Off Experiences, 135
Conclusions, 137
References, 137
10 Rankings and Brand Value 139
Ranking Schemes, 140
Example of Moving Up, 142
Determinants of Rankings, 143
Brand Value, 146
Model of Brand Value, 146
More on Metrics, 148
Example, 149
Conclusions, 150
References, 151
11 Transformation Scenarios 153
Forces for Change, 153
Costs and Benefits, 154
Globalization, 154
A Tsunami of Talent, 156
Technology, 157
Organizational Change, 158
Theory and Practice, 159
Four Scenarios, 160
Driving Forces, 161
Clash of Titans, 161
Hot, Flat, and Crowded, 162
Lifespan Mecca, 162
Network U., 163
Implications, 163
Transforming Academia, 164
Clash of Titans, 165
Hot, Flat, and Crowded, 165
Lifespan Mecca, 166
Network U., 166
How Change Happens, 167
Conclusions, 168
References, 169
12 Exploring the Future 173
Sensitivity Analyses, 176
Scenario Variations, 180
Clash of Titans, 180
Hot, Flat, and Crowded, 180
Lifespan Mecca, 181
Network U., 181
Projections, 182
Policy Implications, 185
Across Scenarios, 185
Within Scenarios, 186
Summary, 187
Extensions, 187
Conclusions, 189
References, 189
Index 191
