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More About This Title Bioenergy from Dendromass for the SustainableDevelopment of Rural Areas
English
Most of the results reported are available here for the first time in English and have been collated in central Europe, but are equally applicable to other temperate regions. They highlight best practices for enhancing dendromass potential and productivity, while discussing the implications on rural economies and ecosystems.
English
David Butler-Manning studied forestry at Dublin (Ireland) and Freiburg (Germany). He is currently the project coordinator for AgroForNet, a federal research initiative for the sustainable use of dendromass to generate bioenergy.
Christian Ammer is the head of the section Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones at Göttingen University (Germany). His main interests are in the fields of regeneration ecology, the relationship between competition and growth in mixed stands, and the effects of resource availability and ontogeny on biomass partitioning of trees.
Michael Bredemeier studied forestry at the universities of Munich, Göttingen (Germany), and Corvallis (USA). In his current position he is professor, research scientist and coordinator at the Forest Ecosystems Research Centre of Göttingen University.
Norbert Lamersdorf is the deputy head of the department of Soil Science of Temperate and Boreal Ecosystems at Göttingen University (Germany). During the past 25 years, he has taken part in a wide range of international research projects on forest ecosystems, including EU-NITREX, EXMAN, BACPOLES, NOVALIS and RATING-SRC.
English
List of Contributors XXIII
Preface XXXIII
Part I Introduction 1
1 Bioenergy from Dendromass for the Sustainable Development of Rural Areas: Research Findings from the AgroForNet and BEST Projects of the German ‘Sustainable Land Management’ Funding Programme 3
David Butler Manning, Albrecht Bemmann, Christian Ammer, Michael Bredemeier and Norbert Lamersdorf
1.1 The ‘Sustainable Land Management’ Funding Programme 3
1.2 Module B: ‘Innovative System Solutions for Sustainable Land Management’ 5
1.3 Dendromass Production and Rural Development in the Context of Sustainable Land Management 6
1.4 Added Value of this Joint Book Publication 7
References 8
2 Linking the Producers and Consumers ofWoodfuel to Contribute to the Sustainable Development of Rural Areas: An Introduction to AgroForNet 9
David Butler Manning and Albrecht Bemmann
2.1 Background and Motivation 9
2.2 Aims and Structure of the Project 10
2.3 Research Results Contributed to this Book 11
References 13
3 Strengthening Bioenergy Regions: An Introduction to BEST 15
Christian Ammer,Michael Bredemeier and Norbert Lamersdorf
3.1 Background and Motivation 15
3.2 Aims and Structure of the Project 16
3.3 Research Results Contributed to this Book 17
References 20
Part II Environmental Constraints, Landscape Functions and EcosystemServices 21
4 The Bioenergy Allocation and Scenario Tool (BEAST) to Assess Options for the Siting of Short Rotation Coppice in Agricultural Landscapes: Tool Development and Case Study Results from the Göttingen District 23
Gerald Busch and Jan C. Thiele
4.1 Introduction 23
4.2 Study Area and Methods 24
4.3 Results 35
4.4 Discussion and Conclusions 40
References 41
5 The Influence of More Widespread Cultivation of Short Rotation Coppice on the Water Balance: From the Site to the Regional Scale 45
Andreas Wahren, Falk Richter, Stefan Julich, Martin Jansen and Karl-Heinz Feger
5.1 Introduction 45
5.2 Evidence from Field Measurements and Results of the Plot-Level Modelling 47
5.3 Regional-Scale Modelling 50
5.4 Conclusions 57
References 59
6 Short Rotation Coppice as Habitat for Vascular Plants 63
Charlotte Seifert, Christoph Leuschner and Heike Culmsee
6.1 Introduction 63
6.2 Methods 64
6.3 Results and Discussion 67
6.4 Conclusions 75
References 76
7 Synergies and Conflicts between an Increasingly Widespread Cultivation of Short Rotation Coppice and Nature Conservation at the Landscape Level 79
Eckehard-Gunter Wilhelm, Franziska Nych, Peter A. Schmidt and Susanne Winter
7.1 Introduction 79
7.2 Methods 80
7.3 Results 82
7.4 Discussion and Conclusions 90
References 92
8 Nature Conservation Requirements of Short Rotation Coppice Management 97
Imke Hennemann-Kreikenbohm, Leena Jennemann, Wolfgang Peters and Eckehard-Gunter Wilhelm
8.1 Siting of Short Rotation Coppice 97
8.2 Measures for the Enhancement of the Nature Conservation Value of Short Rotation Coppice 98
8.3 Conclusions 102
References 102
9 The Effects of Short Rotation Coppice on the Visual Landscape 105
Thiemen Boll, Christina von Haaren and Michael Rode
9.1 Introduction 105
9.2 Research Design and Methods 106
9.3 Results 111
9.4 Discussion 115
9.5 Conclusions 118
References 118
Part III Evaluating, Managing and Enhancing the Supply of Dendromass 121
10 Site Conditions, Initial Growth and Nutrient and Litter Cycling of Newly Installed Short Rotation Coppice and Agroforestry Systems 123
Linda Hartmann and Norbert Lamersdorf
10.1 Short Rotation Coppice and Agroforestry Systems as Resource-Efficient Cropping Systems 123
10.2 Study Region and Research Site Description 125
10.3 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Soils 127
10.4 Planting Success, Initial Biomass and Litter Production and Nutrient Release 128
10.5 Nitrogen Budget and N Use Efficiency 132
10.6 Discussion and Conclusions 134
References 135
11 Potential Offered by a Willow–Grassland Alley Cropping System as a Biogenic Source of Energy 139
Miriam Ehret, Rüdiger Graß and Michael Wachendorf
11.1 Introduction 139
11.2 Materials and Methods 140
11.3 Results 142
11.4 Discussion and Conclusions 144
References 145
12 The Effects of Irrigation on the Growth of Poplars and Willows Cultivated in Short Rotation 147
Konrad Lorenz and Jürgen Müller
12.1 Introduction 147
12.2 Materials and Methods 147
12.3 Results 151
12.4 Discussion 157
12.5 Conclusions 158
References 158
13 A Spatially Explicit Approach to the Identification of Sites Suitable for Woody Biomass Systems Based on Site Factors and Field Geometry: A Case Study for the Göttingen District 161
Gerald Busch and Christoph Meixner
13.1 Introduction 161
13.2 Methods 161
13.3 Results 166
13.4 Discussion and Conclusions 170
References 171
14 Site-Based Yield Estimation and Biomass Calculation in Short Rotation Coppice Plantations 173
Heinz Röhle, Hendrik Horn, Manuela Müller and Katja Skibbe
14.1 Site-Based Yield Estimation and Biomass Calculation in Short Rotation Coppice Plantations 173
14.2 Growth Characteristics of Short Rotation Coppice 173
14.3 Site-Based Yield Estimation for Poplar Short Rotation Coppice 176
14.4 Biomass Calculation in Short Rotation Coppice 179
14.5 Conclusions 184
References 185
15 Photosynthetic Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Two Poplar Varieties Commonly Grown in Short Rotation Coppice Plantations and Implications for Fertiliser Management 187
Dejuan Euring and Andrea Polle
15.1 Introduction 187
15.2 Materials and Methods 189
15.3 Results and Discussion 191
15.4 Conclusions 194
References 194
16 Biotic Risk Factors in Short Rotation Coppice in Germany: Current Situation, New Findings and Future Perspectives 199
Richard Georgi and Michael Müller
16.1 Introduction 199
16.2 Current Situation in Short Rotation Coppice 199
16.3 New Findings 204
16.4 Future Perspectives 213
References 214
17 An Expert System to Forecast Population Developments of Insects Harmful to Short Rotation Coppice Plantations 217
Martin Schubert and Uta Berger
17.1 Introduction 217
17.2 Development of ASPIK 218
17.3 Model Evaluation 223
17.4 Front-End 225
17.5 Outlook and Further Applications of ASPIK 228
References 230
18 Supporting the Use of Woody Energy Crops through Efficient Stand Assessment via Terrestrial Laser Scanning 233
Dominik Seidel and Christian Ammer
18.1 Introduction 233
18.2 TLS Measurements in a Short Rotation Coppice 235
18.3 Data Processing and dbh Calculation 236
18.4 Correcting for the Shadowing Effect 238
18.5 Accuracy of Results 238
18.6 Conclusions 239
References 240
19 Measuring Dendromass Quantities in the Open Landscape at Test Locations in Eastern Germany Using Publicly Available Geographic Data 243
Christoph Schönbach and Andreas W. Bitter
19.1 Introduction 243
19.2 Materials and Methods 244
19.3 Results and Discussion 251
19.4 Conclusions 254
References 255
20 An Analysis of the Potential to Cultivate Short Rotation Coppice on Deutsche Bahn AG Property in Central Germany Using a GIS-Based Approach 257
Robert Barkowski and David Butler Manning
20.1 Introduction 257
20.2 Site Conditions Required for Short Rotation Coppice 258
20.3 Materials and Methods 259
20.4 Results 261
20.5 Discussion and Conclusions 265
References 267
21 Compensation of Nutrient Losses Resulting from the Intensified Use of Woody Biomass Using Bark-Ash Pellets 269
Christine Knust, Karoline Schua, Axel Göttlein, Rasmus Ettl, Thomas Wolferstetter and Karl-Heinz Feger
21.1 Background and Aims of the Study 269
21.2 RIA Pellet Production and Properties 271
21.3 Impact of RIA Pellets on Soil Chemical Properties and Tree Nutritional Status 272
21.4 Economic Aspects of RIA Pellet Production 283
21.5 Conclusions 284
References 285
Part IV Socio-Economic and Legal Aspects of Dendromass for Bioenergy 287
22 Supply Chain-Based Business Models for Woodfuel 289
Klaus Zimmermann and Jörg Schweinle
22.1 Introduction 289
22.2 Generic Cooperation-Oriented Business Model Types 292
22.3 Practical Implications of Generic Business Model Transaction Types 295
22.4 Bioenergy-Specific Challenges to Supply Chain-Based Business Models 297
22.5 Discussion and Conclusions 299
References 300
23 Socio-Economic Sustainability Criteria for Bioenergy Villages Incorporating Short Rotation Coppice in their Energy Supply 303
Florian P. Neubert, Jürgen Pretzsch and Gero Becker
23.1 Introduction 303
23.2 Materials and Methods 305
23.3 Results 307
23.4 Success Criteria for Bioenergy Villages 312
23.5 Conclusions 314
References 315
24 The Economic Assessment of Short Rotation Coppice Plantations and their Profitability Relative to Annual Crops in Sachsen, Germany 317
Mathias Kröber, Jürgen Heinrich and Peter Wagner
24.1 Introduction 317
24.2 Methodological Basis of the Income Calculation 318
24.3 Assessment of the Profitability of Short Rotation Coppice 321
24.4 Supplying a Biomass Power Plant withWood from Short Rotation Coppice as an Option to Reduce Price Fluctuation and Sales Risks 328
References 329
25 Decision Criteria and Implementation Strategies for Short Rotation Coppice in Germany from the Perspective of Stakeholders 331
Thiemen Boll, Florian P. Neubert, Klaus Zimmermann and Annedore Bergfeld
25.1 Introduction 331
25.2 Methods 331
25.3 Results 332
25.4 Discussion 340
25.5 Conclusions 343
References 344
26 The Agricultural and Energy Policy Framework for Short Rotation Coppice in the EU and Its Implementation in the Member States 347
David Butler Manning
26.1 Introduction 347
26.2 EU Legislation Relevant to Short Rotation Coppice 349
26.3 Short Rotation Coppice in National Laws of EU Member States 352
26.4 Policy Implications for the Cultivation of Short Rotation Coppice in Europe 358
26.5 Conclusions 360
References 361
Laws and Regulations 364
27 The Legal Framework for Short Rotation Coppice in Germany in the Context of the ‘Greening’ of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy 367
Kathleen Michalk
27.1 Introduction 367
27.2 Crop Diversification 368
27.3 Maintenance of Permanent Grassland 368
27.4 Land Use Benefitting the Environment 369
27.5 Summary and Outlook 371
References 372
Laws and Regulations 372
European Law 372
National Laws and Regulations 373
28 Opportunities Provided by Formal and Informal Planning to Promote the Cultivation of Dendromass for Energy and the Establishment of Wood-Based Supply Chains in Germany 375
Annedore Bergfeld and Kathleen Michalk
28.1 Introduction 375
28.2 Spatial Planning Instruments 376
28.3 Approaches to Governance in the Local Context 385
28.4 Conclusions 387
References 387
Laws and Regulations 389
29 Sustainability Certification of Short Rotation Coppice in Germany 391
Heiko Hagemann, Uwe Kies and Andreas Schulte
29.1 Introduction 391
29.2 Workflow and Methods 395
29.3 Certification Procedure 398
29.4 Discussion and Conclusions 400
References 401
Part V Applications 403
30 Strategies for the Development of Woodfuel-Based Service Systems and Supply Chains to Promote Rural Development 405
Marco Schneider, Denie Gerold, Dirk Landgraf, Susann Skalda and Christoph Schurr
30.1 Introduction 405
30.2 Woodfuel-Based Supply Chains 405
30.3 Service Systems 411
30.4 Conclusions 416
References 417
31 Advisory Services and Public Awareness of Woody Biomass Production: A Regional Example of How to Provide Information and Guide Implementation 419
Inga Mölder, Michael Kralemann and Doreen Fragel
31.1 Introduction 419
31.2 Institutional Advisory Services for Woody Biomass in the German Federal State Niedersachsen 420
31.3 Production and Use of Woody Biomass and the Demand for Information by Different Parties 422
31.4 Recommendations for Future Projects 430
References 431
Further Reading 431
32 A Decision Support System to Link Stakeholder Perception with Regional Renewable Energy Goals for Woody Biomass 433
Jan C. Thiele and Gerald Busch
32.1 Introduction 433
32.2 Decision Support Tool Concept 434
32.3 Implementation 441
32.4 Discussion and Conclusions 442
References 443
33 Drying and Preparation of Wood Chips from Short Rotation Coppice 447
Joachim Brummack, Matthias Umbach, KayWeichelt and Anja Seifert
33.1 The Necessity for Wood Chip Preparation 447
33.2 Introduction to the Self-Powered Drying Technology 449
33.3 Field Trials of the Self-Powered Drying Technology 451
33.4 Conclusions 466
References 467
34 The Bark toWood Ratio of the Poplar Variety Populus maximowiczii × Populus nigra Grown in Short Rotation Coppice and the Calorific Properties of the Resultant Woodfuel 469
Johannes Lindenberg, David Butler Manning and Hartmut Schmidt
34.1 Introduction 469
34.2 Materials and Methods 470
34.3 Results 471
34.4 Discussion 476
34.5 Conclusions 479
References 480
35 Converting Wood from Short Rotation Coppice and Low-Value Beech Wood into Thermoplastic Composites 483
Kim C. Krause, Marcus Müller, Holger Militz and Andreas Krause
35.1 Introduction 483
35.2 Test Materials and Processing ofWood-Plastic Composites 484
35.3 Results and Discussion 487
35.4 Conclusions 493
References 494
36 Particleboards from Newly Exploited Wood Sources as a Starting Point for Cascade Utilisation 497
Franziska Friese, Markus Euring and Alireza Kharazipour
36.1 Introduction 497
36.2 Materials and Methods 499
36.3 Results and Discussion 500
36.4 Conclusions 504
References 504
Part VI Conclusion 507
37 The Implementation of Scientific Research Findings in Policy Making: Challenges and Contradictions Highlighted by the Example of Short Rotation Coppice 509
Albrecht Bemmann and Jörg Schweinle
37.1 Introduction 509
37.2 Scientific Findings and Political Action 509
37.3 Land Use in Germany 511
37.4 German Agricultural and Forest Policy Framework 512
37.5 Cultivation of Short Rotation Coppice on Agricultural Land in Germany 513
37.6 Reasons for the Lack of Consideration of Scientific Research Findings in Agricultural Policy 519
37.7 Conclusions 521
References 521
Part VII Appendices 527
Appendix 529
Index 531
