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More About This Title Introduction to Catalysis and Industrial CatalyticProcesses
English
- Provides an easy to read description of the fundamentals of catalysis and some of the major catalytic industrial processes used today
- Offers a rationale for process designs based on kinetics and thermodynamics
- Alternative energy topics include the hydrogen economy, fuels cells, bio catalytic (enzymes) production of ethanol fuel from corn and biodiesel from vegetable oils
- Problem sets of included with answers available to faculty who use the book
Review:
"In less than 300 pages, it serves as an excellent introduction to these subjects whether for advanced students or those seeking to learn more about these subjects on their own time...Particularly useful are the succinct summaries throughout the book...excellent detail in the table of contents, a detailed index, key references at the end of each chapter, and challenging classroom questions..." (GlobalCatalysis.com, May 2016)
English
Lucas Dorazio, PhD is a Research Chemical Engineer at BASF Corporation, Iselin, NJ where he is engaged in reforming and environmental technology. He is also Adjunct assistant professor at New Jersey Institute of Technology where he teaches environmental and industrial catalysis.
Calvin H. Bartholomew, PhD is Emeritus Professor at Brigham Young University. He continues to conduct catalysis research, is active in consulting and does specialized teaching for AICHE short courses in catalysis. He has been principal investigator or co-investigator on over 60 grants and contracts and has supervised more than 175 research students. He is the author or co-author of 5 books and 120 peer-reviewed papers and reviews with emphasis on catalysis.
English
PREFACE XV
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XVII
LIST OF FIGURES XIX
NOMENCLATURE XXVII
CHAPTER 1 CATALYST FUNDAMENTALS OF INDUSTRIAL CATALYSIS 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Catalyzed versus Noncatalyzed Reactions 1
1.3 Physical Structure of a Heterogeneous Catalyst 6
1.4 Adsorption and Kinetically Controlled Models for Heterogeneous Catalysis 10
1.5 Supported Catalysts: Dispersed Model 19
1.6 Selectivity 24
Questions 27
Bibliography 29
CHAPTER 2 THE PREPARATION OF CATALYTIC MATERIALS 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Carrier Materials 32
2.3 Incorporating the Active Material into the Carrier 37
2.4 Forming the Final Shape of the Catalyst 40
2.5 Catalyst Physical Structure and Its Relationship to Performance 45
2.6 Nomenclature for Dispersed Catalysts 45
Questions 46
Bibliography 46
CHAPTER 3 CATALYST CHARACTERIZATION 48
3.1 Introduction 48
3.2 Physical Properties of Catalysts 49
3.3 Chemical and Physical Morphology Structures of Catalytic Materials 54
3.4 Spectroscopy 65
Questions 66
Bibliography 67
CHAPTER 4 REACTION RATE IN CATALYTIC REACTORS 69
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Space Velocity, Space Time, and Residence Time 69
4.3 Definition of Reaction Rate 71
4.4 Rate of Surface Kinetics 72
4.5 Rate of Bulk Mass Transfer 78
4.6 Rate of Pore Diffusion 80
4.7 Apparent Activation Energy and the Rate-Limiting Process 82
4.8 Reactor Bed Pressure Drop 83
4.9 Summary 84
Questions 84
Bibliography 87
CHAPTER 5 CATALYST DEACTIVATION 88
5.1 Introduction 88
5.2 Thermally Induced Deactivation 88
5.3 Poisoning 96
5.4 Coke Formation and Catalyst Regeneration 99
Questions 101
Bibliography 103
CHAPTER 6 GENERATING HYDROGEN AND SYNTHESIS GAS BY CATALYTIC HYDROCARBON STEAM REFORMING 104
6.1 Introduction 104
6.2 Large-Scale Industrial Process for Hydrogen Generation 105
6.3 Hydrogen Generation for Fuel Cells 121
6.4 Summary 126
Questions 127
Bibliography 128
CHAPTER 7 AMMONIA, METHANOL, FISCHER–TROPSCH PRODUCTION 129
7.1 Ammonia Synthesis 129
7.2 Methanol Synthesis 134
7.3 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 140
Questions 144
Bibliography 145
CHAPTER 8 SELECTIVE OXIDATIONS 146
8.1 Nitric Acid 146
8.2 Hydrogen Cyanide 151
8.3 The Claus Process: Oxidation of H2S 154
8.4 Sulfuric Acid 155
8.5 Ethylene Oxide 159
8.6 Formaldehyde 160
8.7 Acrylic Acid 164
8.8 Maleic Anhydride 166
8.9 Acrylonitrile 166
Questions 168
Bibliography 169
CHAPTER 9 HYDROGENATION, DEHYDROGENATION, AND ALKYLATION 171
9.1 Introduction 171
9.2 Hydrogenation 171
9.3 Hydrogenation Reactions and Catalysts 177
9.4 Dehydrogenation 185
9.5 Alkylation 187
Questions 188
Bibliography 189
CHAPTER 10 PETROLEUM PROCESSING 190
10.1 Crude Oil 190
10.2 Distillation 191
10.3 Hydrodemetalization and Hydrodesulfurization 193
10.4 Hydrocarbon Cracking 197
10.5 Naphtha Reforming 200
Questions 202
Bibliography 203
CHAPTER 11 HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS AND POLYMERIZATION CATALYSTS 205
11.1 Introduction to Homogeneous Catalysis 205
11.2 Hydroformylation: Aldehydes from Olefins 206
11.3 Carboxylation: Acetic Acid Production 208
11.4 Enzymatic Catalysis 209
11.5 Polyolefins 210
Questions 213
Bibliography 213
CHAPTER 12 CATALYTIC TREATMENT FROM STATIONARY SOURCES: HC, CO, NOX, AND O3 215
12.1 Introduction 215
12.2 Catalytic Incineration of Hydrocarbons and Carbon Monoxide 216
12.3 Food Processing 225
12.4 Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Reduction from Stationary Sources 226
12.5 CO2 Reduction 230
Questions 231
Bibliography 233
CHAPTER 13 CATALYTIC ABATEMENT OF GASOLINE ENGINE EMISSIONS 235
13.1 Emissions and Regulations 235
13.2 Catalytic Reactions Occurring During Catalytic Abatement 238
13.3 First-Generation Converters: Oxidation Catalyst 239
13.4 The Failure of Nonprecious Metals: A Summary of Catalyst History 240
13.5 Supporting the Catalyst in the Exhaust 242
13.6 Preparing the Monolith Catalyst 246
13.7 Rate Control Regimes in Automotive Catalysts 247
13.8 Catalyzed Monolith Nomenclature 248
13.9 Precious Metal Recovery from Catalytic Converters 248
13.10 Monitoring Catalytic Activity in a Monolith 248
13.11 The Failure of the Traditional Beaded (Particulate) Catalysts for Automotive Applications 250
13.12 NOx, CO and HC Reduction: The Three-Way Catalyst 251
13.13 Simulated Aging Methods 255
13.14 Close-Coupled Catalyst 256
13.15 Final Comments 258
Questions 259
Bibliography 261
CHAPTER 14 DIESEL ENGINE EMISSION ABATEMENT 262
14.1 Introduction 262
14.2 Catalytic Technology for Reducing Emissions from Diesel Engines 265
Questions 272
Bibliography 273
CHAPTER 15 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES USING CATALYSIS: BIOETHANOL BY FERMENTATION, BIODIESEL BY TRANSESTERIFICATION, AND H2-BASED FUEL CELLS 274
15.1 Introduction: Sources of Non-Fossil Fuel Energy 274
15.2 Sources of Non-Fossil Fuels 276
15.3 Fuel Cells 279
15.4 Types of Fuel Cells 283
15.5 The Ideal Hydrogen Economy 293
Questions 294
Bibliography 295
INDEX 297
