Title Details

DOROTHY J. BLUM, Ed.D., is a retired school counselor, high school guidance director, administrator of school counseling, and counselor educator.

TAMARA E. DAVIS, Ed.D., is a professor in the School Counseling Program, Marymount University, Arlington, Virginia.

American School Counselor Association (ASCA) supports school counselors' efforts to help students focus on academic, career, and personal/social development. ASCA provides professional development, publications, and other resources.

About This Resource vii

About the Authors xi

Acknowledgments xiv

Section 1 The K–12 School Counseling Program: The ASCA National Model 1

Foundation 2

List 1.1. Beliefs and Philosophy of the School Counseling Program 3

List 1.2. Components of a School Counseling Program Mission Statement 4

List 1.3. The ASCA National Standards for School Counseling Programs 5

Delivery System 6

List 1.4. The Comprehensive School Counseling Program 6

List 1.5. School Counseling and Guidance Curriculum 8

List 1.6. Individual Student Planning 9

List 1.7. Responsive Services 10

List 1.8. System Support 11

Management System 13

List 1.9. Components of the Management System 13

List 1.10. Management Agreements 14

List 1.11. School Counseling Advisory Council 15

List 1.12. Use of Data to Monitor Student Progress 17

List 1.13. Action Plans 19

List 1.14. Use of Time 20

List 1.15. Calendars 22

Accountability 23

List 1.16. Components of Accountability 23

List 1.17. Results Reports 24

List 1.18. School Counselor Performance Standards 26

List 1.19. The School Counseling Program Audit 27

ASCA National Model Themes 28

List 1.20. Advocacy 28

List 1.21. Leadership 30

List 1.22. Collaboration 31

List 1.23. Systemic Change 32

Section 2 The Professional School Counselor: Preparation, Roles, and Responsibilities 33

Professional School Counselor Preparation 34

List 2.1. School Counselor Preparation, Accreditation, Certification, and Licensure 34

The Role of the Professional School Counselor 37

List 2.2. Traditional and Transformed Roles of School Counselors 37

List 2.3. American School Counselor Association Role Statement 38

List 2.4. Professional School Counselor Versus Guidance Counselor 40

The Competent School Counselor 41

List 2.5. School Counselor Competencies 41

List 2.6. General Multicultural Competencies 43

Ethical and Legal Practitioner 44

List 2.7. Ethical Standards for School Counseling Programs 44

List 2.8. Confidentiality 46

List 2.9. Ethical Decision Making 48

List 2.10. Legal Standards and Practices 49

Practitioner of a Theoretical Orientation in School Counseling 51

List 2.11. Counseling Theories 51

List 2.12. General Strategies for Counseling Students 53

List 2.13. Adlerian Counseling 54

List 2.14. Existential Counseling 55

List 2.15. Humanistic Counseling 56

List 2.16. Gestalt Counseling 57

List 2.17. Behavioral Counseling 58

List 2.18. Cognitive-Behavioral Counseling 59

List 2.19. Rational Emotive Behavior Counseling 60

List 2.20. Reality Therapy (Choice Theory) 61

List 2.21. Solution-Focused Brief Counseling 62

List 2.22. Integrative Counseling 63

Supervisor 64

List 2.23. Supervisor of Other School Counselors, Interns, and Practicum Students 64

Change Agent 66

List 2.24. Change Agent of the School Environment 66

The Effective School Counselor 67

List 2.25. Skills and Characteristics of Effective School Counselors 67

List 2.26. Effective School Counseling: Focus on Data 69

Person and Professional: School Counselor Self-Care Strategies 70

List 2.27. Professional Burnout and Distress in Schools 70

List 2.28. Self-Care for the Caregiver 73

List 2.29. Professional Identity 74

Section 3 School Counseling Practices and Programs 75

Individual Counseling 76

List 3.1. Individual Counseling in Schools 76

List 3.2. Individual Counseling Process, Skills, and Techniques 78

List 3.3. Problem-Solving Model 80

List 3.4. Use of Play in Counseling 81

List 3.5. Effective Individual Counseling in Schools 82

Small-Group Counseling 83

List 3.6. Small-Group Counseling in Schools 83

List 3.7. Benefits of Small-Group Counseling 85

List 3.8. Possible Group Counseling Topics 86

List 3.9. Pregroup Planning 87

List 3.10. Small-Group Counseling Sessions 89

List 3.11. Group Counseling Leadership 90

List 3.12. Effective Small-Group Counseling 92

Classroom Guidance 94

List 3.13. Classroom Guidance Overview 94

List 3.14. Developmentally Appropriate Classroom Guidance Lesson Topics 96

List 3.15. Classroom Management Strategies 97

List 3.16. Class Meetings 99

Parent and Guardian Consultation 100

List 3.17. Consultation with Individual Parent or Guardian 100

List 3.18. Consultation with Groups of Parents and Guardians 102

List 3.19. Involvement of Hard-to-Reach Parents and Guardians 103

Teacher Consultation 104

List 3.20. Staff Development and Teacher In-services 104

List 3.21. Small Staff Meetings and Team Meetings 105

List 3.22. Teacher-Initiated Individual Consultation 107

List 3.23. Teacher Consultation: Classroom Management and Discipline Skills 109

List 3.24. Student Learning Styles 111

List 3.25. Conferences with Parents, Guardians, Teachers, Students, and Counselor 114

Schoolwide Programming and Participation 117

List 3.26. Creating a Positive Environment Throughout the School 117

List 3.27. Counseling Services: A Total School Responsibility Coordinated by the School Counselor 118

List 3.28. Differentiated or Diversified Staffing of the School Counseling Program 119

List 3.29. Materials for the School Counseling Program 120

List 3.30. Violence Prevention Programs 123

List 3.31. Conflict Resolution and Peer Mediation Programs 127

List 3.32. Peer Helper Programs 130

List 3.33. Character Education Program 133

List 3.34. Tutoring and Mentoring Programs at School and in the Community 136

List 3.35. Coordination of School Counseling Program Volunteers 139

List 3.36. Child Study Team or Local Screening Committee 140

List 3.37. Crisis or Critical Incident Response Team 142

Section 4 Academic Counseling in K–12 Schools 145

Academic Goals 146

List 4.1. Academic Goals for All Students 146

List 4.2. Response to Intervention 148

List 4.3. Standardized and/or High-Stakes Testing 149

Academic Development of All Students 152

List 4.4. Goal-Setting Skills 152

List 4.5. Study Skills 153

List 4.6. Test Preparation and Test-Taking Skills 154

List 4.7. Time Management Skills 156

List 4.8. Stress Management 157

List 4.9. Course Selection for Future Opportunities 158

List 4.10. Postsecondary Educational Search 160

List 4.11. College Applications 162

List 4.12. College Application Essays 164

List 4.13. College Recommendations 165

List 4.14. College Selection 166

List 4.15. Financial Aid 167

List 4.16. Readiness for College 168

Academic Counseling K–12 169

List 4.17. Counseling Students with Academic Problems 169

List 4.18. Collaboration with Teachers of Students with Academic Problems 170

List 4.19. Counseling Students with Learning or Physical Problems 171

List 4.20. Collaboration with Teachers of Students with Learning or Physical Problems 174

List 4.21. Counseling Students with Special Needs 175

List 4.22. Counseling English Speakers of Other Languages and English Language Learners 176

List 4.23. Counseling Students with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 177

List 4.24. Counseling Students with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 180

List 4.25. Counseling Students with Tourette’s Syndrome 181

List 4.26. Counseling Students at Risk for Dropping Out of School 182

List 4.27. Counseling Students Who Fear Failure 185

List 4.28. Counseling Students Who Fear or Avoid Success 186

List 4.29. Counseling Students Who Desire Perfection 187

List 4.30. Counseling Students Who Are Gifted 188

List 4.31. Counseling Students Who Procrastinate 190

List 4.32. Helping Students Learn from Failure 191

List 4.33. Helping Students Overcome Barriers to Success 192

Section 5 Career Counseling in K–12 Schools 193

Career Development Theories and Assessment 194

List 5.1. Career Development Theories 194

List 5.2. Career Assessment 197

National Career Competencies and Skills for Students 199

List 5.3. National Career Competencies and Skills 199

List 5.4. Career Goals for All Students 201

Career Counseling for All Students 202

List 5.5. Planning a Career Development Program 202

List 5.6. Career Development for Elementary School Students 204

List 5.7. Career Development for Middle School Students 205

List 5.8. Career Development for High School Students 207

List 5.9. Implementation of a K–12 Career Development Program 209

List 5.10. Career and College Center 210

List 5.11. Postsecondary Planning (Grades 7–12) 211

List 5.12. Academic or Career Portfolio 212

List 5.13. Career Values 213

List 5.14. Career Decision-Making Skills 214

List 5.15. Job Interviewing Skills 215

List 5.16. Marketable Skills 216

List 5.17. Career Stereotypes, Biases, and Discrimination 217

List 5.18. Structured Work Experience 219

List 5.19. Career Information Interview 220

List 5.20. Career Exploration and Life Planning 221

List 5.21. Career Counseling 222

List 5.22. Career Counseling with Minority and Marginalized Students 223

List 5.23. Career Counseling for Students with Special Needs 225

Section 6 Personal/Social Counseling in K–12 Schools: Student Development and Life Skills 227

Personal/Social Development 228

List 6.1. Personal/Social Goals for All Students 228

List 6.2. Needs of All Students 229

List 6.3. Issues Related to Child and Adolescent Development 230

List 6.4. Fears or Stressors of Students  231

List 6.5. Ethnic Diversity of Students 233

List 6.6. Cultural Diversity 234

List 6.7. Culturally Responsive School Counselors 236

List 6.8. Students with Special Needs 237

List 6.9. Students at Risk 240

List 6.10. Family Relationships 242

Personal/Social Counseling: Life Skills for All Students 244

List 6.11. Life Skills 244

List 6.12. Programs to Teach Life Skills 245

List 6.13. Communication Skills 246

List 6.14. Student Behaviors That Influence Communication 247

List 6.15. Nonverbal Communication 248

List 6.16. Recognizing Verbal Invitations That Foster Communication 249

List 6.17. Recognizing Verbal Put-Downs 250

List 6.18. I Messages 251

List 6.19. Reframing Descriptions of People 252

List 6.20. Active Listening Skills 254

List 6.21. Helping Students Understand Their Own and Others’ Feelings 255

List 6.22. Feeling Vocabulary 257

List 6.23. Assertiveness Skills 260

List 6.24. Peer Pressure Refusal Skills 263

List 6.25. Teaching Students to Respect Others 264

List 6.26. Developing Student Self-Confidence 265

List 6.27. Anger Management Skills 267

List 6.28. Conflict Management and Conflict Resolution Skills 270

List 6.29. Coping and Resilience Skills 272

List 6.30. Relationship Skills 274

List 6.31. Social Skills 275

List 6.32. Stress Management Skills 276

Section 7 Personal/Social Counseling in K–12 Schools: Prevention and Effective Intervention 279

List 7.1. Programs to Promote Student Safety 280

List 7.2. Information for Students About Their Right toSafety 282

List 7.3. Child Abuse 284

List 7.4. Physical Neglect 289

List 7.5. Child Abuse and Child Neglect: School Counselor Interventions 290

List 7.6. Acquaintance Rape and Date Rape 293

List 7.7. Student Bullying and Harassment 295

List 7.8. Administrator and Teacher Actions to Prevent and Stop Student Bullying and Harassment 297

List 7.9. School Counselor Actions to Prevent and Stop Bullying and Harassment 298

List 7.10. Sexual Harassment 301

List 7.11. Cyberbullying 303

List 7.12. Gender Equity 305

List 7.13. Eating Disorders 307

List 7.14. Gangs 309

List 7.15. Substance Abuse 312

List 7.16. HIV/AIDS 316

List 7.17. Childhood and Adolescent Depression 318

List 7.18. Dealing with Grief and Loss 320

List 7.19. Death of a Loved One  322

List 7.20. Death of a Classmate 324

List 7.21. Tragedy or National Disaster 325

List 7.22. Student Suicide 327

List 7.23. Sexual Minority Youth 332

List 7.24. Self-Injury and Self-Mutilation 334

List 7.25. Truancy 337

List 7.26. School Phobia and School Refusal 338

List 7.27. Teen Pregnancy 340

List 7.28. Students Who Are Homeless 341

List 7.29. High-Risk Student Behavior 343

List 7.30.Parental Separation and Divorce 345

List 7.31. Children of Alcoholics 347

List 7.32. Students Whose Parent or Guardian Has Been Deployed 349

List 7.33. Meeting the Mental Health Needs of All Students 351

Index 353