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More About This Title Audel Electrical Trades Pocket Manual
English
Answers at your fingertips
This hands-on guide will help you trouble-shoot and solve electrical problems in industrial and commercial settings. You'll find plain-English explanations for a wide range of electrical equipment and systems, from transformers and switchgears to alarm and wiring systems. Use this book to quickly access reliable information and improve your on-the-job skills.
Get useful rules of thumb and quick tricks
Discover formulas, charts, and tables essential for plant electrical work
Locate technical data quickly and get up to speed on everyday electrical questions
Packed with illustrations that help you grasp ideas quickly and easily
English
L. W. BRITTIAN is a licensed electrician with extensive experience in heavy industry such as refineries, petrochemical plants, and oil and gas production. He has authored numerous training materials for the electrical trades, taught at Texas A&M University and Texas State Technical College, and presented electrical training classes in Africa, Canada, Malaysia, and the United States.
English
Introduction xiii
Disclaimer xv
Chapter 1 The Laws That Control and Explain Electricity 1
Power Factor 3
Three-Phase Power 6
Circuit Protective Devices 9
Chapter 2 Power Generation and Distribution Within Commercial and Industrial Facilities 11
Electrical Power Generators 17
Total Loads Served 17
Types of Onsite Power Generation 18
Chapter 3 Power, Control, and Lighting Transformer 21
Electrical Power 24
Insulation Material Temperature Rise 25
Grounding 26
Terminal Connection Markings 26
Three-Phase, Oil–Cooled Power Transformers 26
Three-Phase Dry-Type Transformers 28
Dry-Type Single-Phase Control Circuit Transformers 29
Chapter 4 Electrical Switchgear 31
Motor Control Center 31
Primary Functions of Switchgear 32
Low-Voltage Power Distribution 33
Bus Bar and Circuit Breaker Arrangements 34
Optional Protective Devices 37
Metal-Clad Switchgear 38
Continuous Current Ratings 38
Arc-Resistant Switchgear 39
Chapter 5 Electrical Circuit Protective Devices 41
Molded Case Circuit Breakers 43
Miniature Circuit Breakers 45
Vacuum Circuit Breakers 45
Insulated Case Circuit Breakers 47
Low-voltage Power Circuit Breakers 47
Supplemental Protectors 47
Motor Circuit Protectors 47
Oil Circuit Breakers 48
Gas Insulated Circuit Breakers 48
Fuses 48
Circuit Breaker Maintenance 50
Coordination Between
Protective Devices 51
Chapter 6 Personnel Protective Devices 53
Introduction 53
Ground Fault Protection of Equipment 56
History and Nomenclature of GFCIs in the United States 56
Troubleshooting GFCIs 57
Time and Current Levels Protected by Circuit Breakers 58
Arc Fault Circuit Interrupters 59
Chapter 7 Three-Phase Motors 61
Electric Motor Principles of Operation 62
Rated Full Load Speed 66
Service Factor 67
Rated Ambient Temperature 67
Stator Winding Insulation Classes 68
Types of Torque Produced by a Motor 68
Chapter 8 Controlling and Protecting Three-Phase Motors 71
Components of a Motor Starter 71
Motor Starter Sizes 72
Methods of Starting Three-Phase Induction Motors 73
Full Voltage, Across the Line Motor Starters 73
How a Motor Starter Operates 73
Three-Wire Control Circuit Controlling a Three-Phase Motor Starter 76
Sizing of Overload Heater Elements 77
Chapter 9 Variable Frequency Drives 79
Four-Quadrant Operation 80
Torque 80
Parts of a Drive 82
Pulse Width Modulation 84
Six-Step Method of Drive Control 84
Programming Drives 85
Chapter 10 Programmable Logic Controllers 89
Black Box Concept 89
PLC Sizes 92
PLC Construction 92
Types of Inputs and Outputs 92
Timers 95
Counters 96
Benefits of Using PLCs 96
I/Os and Memory Adresses 97
Chapter 11 Electrical Services 99
Metering Equipment 101
Grounding of Electrical Systems 101
Bonding versus Grounding 103
Fault Current Path, Conduits, and Locknuts 103
Low and High Impedance Grounded Systems 104
Ungrounded Electrical Systems 104
Second Ground Fault 106
Separation of the Grounded
System Conductor (Neutral) and the Equipment Grounding Conductor 106
What Conductors Must Be Grounded 107
Separately Derived Systems 108
Standard Voltages 108
Chapter 12 Electrical Light Fixtures 111
Aplications for Light Fixtures 112
Design of Lighting Systems 112
Major Types of Lamps Used in Commercial and Industrial Facilities 113
Light Fixture Performance 113
Pattern of Illuminance 114
Types of Glare 116
Illuminating Engineers Society 116
Lamp Selection Parameters 116
Light Fixture Operating Controls 117
Photocells 117
Incandescent Lamps 117
Gas Discharge Lamps 118
Fluorescent Lamps 119
Fluorescent Ballast 119
High-Intensity Discharge Lamps 120
Mercury Vapor Lamps 120
Metal Halide Lamps 120
High-Pressure Sodium Lamps 121
Types of HID Ballasts 121
What Ballasts Do 121
Ballast Voltage Ratings 122
Ballast Wiring Diagrams 122
Chapter 13 Electrical Timers 123
Sections of a Timer 123
Five Common Modes, or Functions,of Timers 125
Nine Types of Timer Operating Principles 126
Timing Chart Levels 129
Complete Timing Charts 133
Chapter 14 Electrical Diagrams 135
Electrical Ladder Diagrams 135
Elements in Electrical Circuits 135
One-Line Diagrams 142
Chapter 15 Electrical Test Instruments 145
Words Used with Meters 145
Multimeters 146
Auto Ranging Meters 147
Three-Step Method 148
Auto Function Features 148
Ohmmeters 149
Meg-Ohmmeter 151
Clamp-On Amp Meters 151
Chapter 16 Electrical Troubleshooting 153
Introduction to Troubleshooting 153
Not Where It Is, but Where It Was Lost 154
Safety First 155
What Tools Are Needed 156
Cause verses Efect 158
A Six-Step Method 158
Chapter 17 Acess, Fire, and Burglar Alarm Systems 163
Facilities Access Control 163
Fire Alarm Systems 164
Alarm Signals 165
System Monitoring 166
Human Machine Interfaces 167
Notification Circuit Voltage Drop 169
Mass Notification Systems 169
Conductors for Fire Alarm Systems 170
Chapter 18 Computer Voice and Data Wiring Systems 171
Introduction 171
Hot Swapping Computer Signal Cables 171
Connecting a Desktop Computer as an Island 172
Connecting a Desktop Computer to a Wired Network 183
Connecting a Desktop Computer to a Wireless Network 184
Types of Computer Networks 186
Telephone Voice Communications Systems Wiring 187
Chapter 19 Reference Material 189
Amperage-Current 189
Capacitance Formulas 192
Conductor Cross-Sectional Area in Circular Mils (CMIL) 193
Direct Current Formulas 193
Fuse Opening Time 196
Heat Produced in a Conductor per Watt 197
Impedance Formulas 197
Impedance of a Conductor in a Conduit 198
kW to Amps 199
kVA to Amps 199
Motor Formulas for Three-Phase AC Motors 199
Motor Formulas 201
Transformer Formulas 213
Requirements of the Driven Load 235
Three Phase Motor Reference Material 343
Index 353
