Catalysis - From Principles to Applications
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More About This Title Catalysis - From Principles to Applications
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Catalysis has revolutionized the chemical industry as catalysts are used in the production of most chemicals, resulting in a multi-billion euro business. This advanced textbook is a must-have for all Master and PhD students in the field as it adopts a unique interdisciplinary approach to the topic of catalysis. It presents a collection of chapters that explain the fundamentals of catalysis as the area has developed over the past decades and introduces new catalytic systems that are of becoming of increasing current importance.
It covers all the essential principles, ranging from catalytic processes at the molecular level to catalytic reactor design and includes several case studies illustrating the importance of catalysts in the chemical industry.
English
Matthias Beller obtained his PhD at the University of Göttingen, Germany and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, USA. Since 1998, he has been head of the Leibniz Institute for Organic Catalysis at University of
Rostock. He is a member of the board of Dechema`s Catalysis Section, the German Catalysis Competence Network ('ConNeCat') as well as the Innovationsagentur Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. He is also a member of the Association for Technical Sciences of the Union of
German Academies of Sciences and Humanities.
Albert Renken obtained his academic degrees at the Technical University of Hanover, Germany. Professor Renken has been affiliated with ETH Lausanne, Switzerland since 1977. He is author of over 450 scientific publications in journals and author or editor of 5 books and
of numerous patents. From 1992 to 2000, Albert Renken was science councillor of the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF), and from 1996 to 2000 he served as chairman of the European Federation of Chemical Reaction Engineering Working Party. He is also member of
the Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences.
Rutger Anthony van Santen obtained his doctorate at the University of Leiden, Netherlands. After an initial career at Shell Research in 1988, he joined Eindhoven University of Technology as a Professor of Catalysis. In 1991 he became director of the Netherlands Institute of Research
in Catalysis, and in 2005 he was made Royal Netherlands Academy of Science and Arts Professor. He is a member of the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences, Dutch Academy of Engineering and is a Knight in the order of the Dutch Lion. Professor van Santen is the
author or editor of 13 books, over 700 research papers and 22 patents, and has been awarded several national and international awards and visiting professorships.
Rostock. He is a member of the board of Dechema`s Catalysis Section, the German Catalysis Competence Network ('ConNeCat') as well as the Innovationsagentur Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. He is also a member of the Association for Technical Sciences of the Union of
German Academies of Sciences and Humanities.
Albert Renken obtained his academic degrees at the Technical University of Hanover, Germany. Professor Renken has been affiliated with ETH Lausanne, Switzerland since 1977. He is author of over 450 scientific publications in journals and author or editor of 5 books and
of numerous patents. From 1992 to 2000, Albert Renken was science councillor of the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF), and from 1996 to 2000 he served as chairman of the European Federation of Chemical Reaction Engineering Working Party. He is also member of
the Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences.
Rutger Anthony van Santen obtained his doctorate at the University of Leiden, Netherlands. After an initial career at Shell Research in 1988, he joined Eindhoven University of Technology as a Professor of Catalysis. In 1991 he became director of the Netherlands Institute of Research
in Catalysis, and in 2005 he was made Royal Netherlands Academy of Science and Arts Professor. He is a member of the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences, Dutch Academy of Engineering and is a Knight in the order of the Dutch Lion. Professor van Santen is the
author or editor of 13 books, over 700 research papers and 22 patents, and has been awarded several national and international awards and visiting professorships.
English
PREFACE
PART I: Basic Concepts
CATALYSIS IN PERSPECTIVE: HISTORIC REVIEW
History of Catalysis Science
The Development of Catalytic Processes: History and Future
Fundamental Catalysis in Practice
Catalyst Selection
Reactor Choice
Process Choice
KINETICS OF HETEROGENEOUS CATALYTIC REACTIONS
Physical chemical principles
The Lock and Key Model, the Role of Adsorption Entropy
Equivalence of Electrocatalysis and Chemocatalysis
Microkinetics; the Rate-Determining Step
Elementary Rate Constant Expressions for Surface Reactions
The Pressure Gap
The Materials Gap
Coupling of Catalytic Reaction and Inorganic Solid Chemistry
In situ Generation of Organo-Catalyst
The Compensation Effect
KINETICS IN HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS
Principles of a Catalyst and Kinetic Description
Catalyst Activity
Catalyst Activation and Deactivation
CATALYTIC REACTION ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES
Preface
Formal Kinetics of Catalytic Reactions
Mass and Heat Transfer Effects
Homogenous Catalysis in Biphasic Fluid/Fluid Systems
PART II: The Chemistry of Catalytic Reactivity
HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS
General Introduction
Transition Metal Catalysis
Solid Acids and Bases
Reducible Oxides
HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS
General Features
BIOCATALYSIS
Introduction
Examples
Summary/Conclusions
ELECTROCATALYSIS
Introduction
Theory
Application to the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) on Pt(111)
Summary
HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS
Introduction
Applications of Photocatalysis
Case Studies
Concluding Remarks
PART III: Industrial Catalytic Conversions
CARBONYLATION REACTIONS
General Aspects
Hydroformylation
Other Carbonylations of Olefins and Alkynes
Carbonylations of Alcohols and Aryl Halides
BIOCATALYTIC PROCESSES
Introduction
Examples
Case Study: Synthesis of Lipitor Building Blocks
Conclusions
POLYMERIZATION
Introduction
Polyolefins in Brief
Olefin Polymerization Catalysts
Olefin Polymerization Process Technology
The Latest Breakthroughs
AMMONIA SYNTHESIS
Ammonia Plant
Synthesis
Steam Reforming
Conclusions
FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS IN A MODERN PERSPECTIVE
Introduction
Stoichiometry and Thermodynamic Aspects
Processes and Product Composition
Catalysts, General
Reaction Fundamentals
Concluding Remarks
ZEOLITE CATALYSIS
Introduction
The Hydrocracking Reaction;
Acid Catalysis
Lewis Acid -
Lewis Base Catalysis;
Hydrocarbon Activation
Selective Oxidation;
Redox Catalysis
Framework-Substituted Redox Ions
CATALYTIC SELECTIVE OXIDATION -
FUNDAMENTALS, CONSOLIDATED TECHNOLOGIES, AND DIRECTIONS FOR INNOVATION
Catalytic Selective Oxidation: Main Features
Catalytic Selective Oxidation: What Makes the Development of an Industrial Process More Challenging (and Troublesome) than Other Reactions
Catalytic Selective Oxidation: the Forefront in the Continuous Development of More-Sustainable Industrial Technologies
The Main Issue in Catalytic Oxidation: the Control of Selectivity
Dream Reactions in Catalytic Selective Oxidation: a Few Examples (Some Sustainable, Some Not Sustainable)
A New Golden Age for Catalytic Selective Oxidation?
Conclusions: Several Opportunities for More Sustainable Oxidation Processes
HIGH-TEMPERATURE CATALYSIS: ROLE OF HETEROGENEOUS, HOMOGENEOUS, AND RADICAL CHEMISTRY
Introduction
Fundamentals
Applications
Hydrogen Production from Logistic Fuels by High-Temperature Catalysis
High-Temperature Catalysis in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
HYDRODESULFURIZATION
Introduction
Hydrodesulfurization
The C-X Bond-Breaking Mechanism
Structure of the Sulfidic Catalyst
Hydrodenitrogenation
Determination of Surface Sites
PART IV: Catalyst Synthesis and Materials
MOLECULARLY DEFINED SYSTEMS IN HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS
Introduction
Single Sites: On the Border between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis
Conclusion and Perspectives
PREPARATION OF SUPPORTED CATALYSTS
Introduction
Support Surface Chemistry
Ion Adsorption
Impregnation and Drying
Deposition Precipitation
Thermal Treatment
POROUS MATERIALS AS CATALYSTS AND CATALYST SUPPORTS
General Characteristics
Sol-gel and Fumed Silica
Alumina and Other Oxides
Carbon Materials
Zeolites
Ordered Mesoporous Materials
Metal-Organic Frameworks
Shaping
DEVELOPMENT OF CATALYTIC MATERIALS
Introduction
Fundamental Aspects
Micro-Kinetics and Solid-State Properties as a Knowledge Source in Catalyst Development
Combinatorial Approaches and High-Throughput Technologies in the Development of Solid Catalysts
PART V: Characterization Methods
IN-SITU TECHNIQUES FOR HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS
Introduction
In-situ Techniques for Homogeneous Catalysis
Gas Consumption and Gas Formation
NMR Spectroscopy
IR-Spectroscopy
UV/Vis Spectroscopy
Summary
IN-SITU CHARACTERIZATION OF HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS
Introduction
Some History, Recent Developments, and Applications
In situ Characterization of a Reactor Loaded with a Catalytic Solid
In situ Characterization at a Single Catalyst Particle Level
Concluding Remarks
ADSORPTION METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF POROUS MATERIALS
Introduction
Physical Adsorption
Classification of Porous Materials
Adsorption Isotherms
The Application of Adsorption Methods
Theoretical Description of Adsorption
Characterization of Microporous Materials
Characterization of Mesoporous Materials
Mercury Porosimetry
Xenon Porosimetry
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF SOME "CLASSICAL" GUIDELINES FOR CATALYST TESTING
Introduction
Encouraging Effectiveness
Ensuring Efficiency
Concluding Remarks
APPENDIX A: THREE-PHASE TRICKLE-BED REACTORS
PART VI: Catalytic Reactor Engineering
CATALYTIC REACTOR ENGINEERING
Introduction
Types of Catalytic Reactors
Ideal Reactor Modeling/Heat Management
Residence Time Distribution
Micro Reaction Engineering
PART I: Basic Concepts
CATALYSIS IN PERSPECTIVE: HISTORIC REVIEW
History of Catalysis Science
The Development of Catalytic Processes: History and Future
Fundamental Catalysis in Practice
Catalyst Selection
Reactor Choice
Process Choice
KINETICS OF HETEROGENEOUS CATALYTIC REACTIONS
Physical chemical principles
The Lock and Key Model, the Role of Adsorption Entropy
Equivalence of Electrocatalysis and Chemocatalysis
Microkinetics; the Rate-Determining Step
Elementary Rate Constant Expressions for Surface Reactions
The Pressure Gap
The Materials Gap
Coupling of Catalytic Reaction and Inorganic Solid Chemistry
In situ Generation of Organo-Catalyst
The Compensation Effect
KINETICS IN HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS
Principles of a Catalyst and Kinetic Description
Catalyst Activity
Catalyst Activation and Deactivation
CATALYTIC REACTION ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES
Preface
Formal Kinetics of Catalytic Reactions
Mass and Heat Transfer Effects
Homogenous Catalysis in Biphasic Fluid/Fluid Systems
PART II: The Chemistry of Catalytic Reactivity
HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS
General Introduction
Transition Metal Catalysis
Solid Acids and Bases
Reducible Oxides
HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS
General Features
BIOCATALYSIS
Introduction
Examples
Summary/Conclusions
ELECTROCATALYSIS
Introduction
Theory
Application to the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) on Pt(111)
Summary
HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS
Introduction
Applications of Photocatalysis
Case Studies
Concluding Remarks
PART III: Industrial Catalytic Conversions
CARBONYLATION REACTIONS
General Aspects
Hydroformylation
Other Carbonylations of Olefins and Alkynes
Carbonylations of Alcohols and Aryl Halides
BIOCATALYTIC PROCESSES
Introduction
Examples
Case Study: Synthesis of Lipitor Building Blocks
Conclusions
POLYMERIZATION
Introduction
Polyolefins in Brief
Olefin Polymerization Catalysts
Olefin Polymerization Process Technology
The Latest Breakthroughs
AMMONIA SYNTHESIS
Ammonia Plant
Synthesis
Steam Reforming
Conclusions
FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS IN A MODERN PERSPECTIVE
Introduction
Stoichiometry and Thermodynamic Aspects
Processes and Product Composition
Catalysts, General
Reaction Fundamentals
Concluding Remarks
ZEOLITE CATALYSIS
Introduction
The Hydrocracking Reaction;
Acid Catalysis
Lewis Acid -
Lewis Base Catalysis;
Hydrocarbon Activation
Selective Oxidation;
Redox Catalysis
Framework-Substituted Redox Ions
CATALYTIC SELECTIVE OXIDATION -
FUNDAMENTALS, CONSOLIDATED TECHNOLOGIES, AND DIRECTIONS FOR INNOVATION
Catalytic Selective Oxidation: Main Features
Catalytic Selective Oxidation: What Makes the Development of an Industrial Process More Challenging (and Troublesome) than Other Reactions
Catalytic Selective Oxidation: the Forefront in the Continuous Development of More-Sustainable Industrial Technologies
The Main Issue in Catalytic Oxidation: the Control of Selectivity
Dream Reactions in Catalytic Selective Oxidation: a Few Examples (Some Sustainable, Some Not Sustainable)
A New Golden Age for Catalytic Selective Oxidation?
Conclusions: Several Opportunities for More Sustainable Oxidation Processes
HIGH-TEMPERATURE CATALYSIS: ROLE OF HETEROGENEOUS, HOMOGENEOUS, AND RADICAL CHEMISTRY
Introduction
Fundamentals
Applications
Hydrogen Production from Logistic Fuels by High-Temperature Catalysis
High-Temperature Catalysis in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
HYDRODESULFURIZATION
Introduction
Hydrodesulfurization
The C-X Bond-Breaking Mechanism
Structure of the Sulfidic Catalyst
Hydrodenitrogenation
Determination of Surface Sites
PART IV: Catalyst Synthesis and Materials
MOLECULARLY DEFINED SYSTEMS IN HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS
Introduction
Single Sites: On the Border between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis
Conclusion and Perspectives
PREPARATION OF SUPPORTED CATALYSTS
Introduction
Support Surface Chemistry
Ion Adsorption
Impregnation and Drying
Deposition Precipitation
Thermal Treatment
POROUS MATERIALS AS CATALYSTS AND CATALYST SUPPORTS
General Characteristics
Sol-gel and Fumed Silica
Alumina and Other Oxides
Carbon Materials
Zeolites
Ordered Mesoporous Materials
Metal-Organic Frameworks
Shaping
DEVELOPMENT OF CATALYTIC MATERIALS
Introduction
Fundamental Aspects
Micro-Kinetics and Solid-State Properties as a Knowledge Source in Catalyst Development
Combinatorial Approaches and High-Throughput Technologies in the Development of Solid Catalysts
PART V: Characterization Methods
IN-SITU TECHNIQUES FOR HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS
Introduction
In-situ Techniques for Homogeneous Catalysis
Gas Consumption and Gas Formation
NMR Spectroscopy
IR-Spectroscopy
UV/Vis Spectroscopy
Summary
IN-SITU CHARACTERIZATION OF HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS
Introduction
Some History, Recent Developments, and Applications
In situ Characterization of a Reactor Loaded with a Catalytic Solid
In situ Characterization at a Single Catalyst Particle Level
Concluding Remarks
ADSORPTION METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF POROUS MATERIALS
Introduction
Physical Adsorption
Classification of Porous Materials
Adsorption Isotherms
The Application of Adsorption Methods
Theoretical Description of Adsorption
Characterization of Microporous Materials
Characterization of Mesoporous Materials
Mercury Porosimetry
Xenon Porosimetry
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF SOME "CLASSICAL" GUIDELINES FOR CATALYST TESTING
Introduction
Encouraging Effectiveness
Ensuring Efficiency
Concluding Remarks
APPENDIX A: THREE-PHASE TRICKLE-BED REACTORS
PART VI: Catalytic Reactor Engineering
CATALYTIC REACTOR ENGINEERING
Introduction
Types of Catalytic Reactors
Ideal Reactor Modeling/Heat Management
Residence Time Distribution
Micro Reaction Engineering
English
“Overall, this is a useful book for process chemists with the reservation that modern carbon-carbon bond forming catalytic reactions (Buchwald-Hartwig, Suzuki-Miyaura, Heck etc) are not covered. The emphasis is definitely towards heterogenous catalysis.” (Organic Process Research & Development Journal, 1 November 2012)
