Chemical Technology An Integral Textbook
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- Wiley
More About This Title Chemical Technology An Integral Textbook
English
This textbook provides an integral and integrated treatment of industrial-relevant problems for students of both chemistry and chemical engineering.
As such, this work combines the four disciplines of chemical technology - chemistry, thermal and mechanical unit operations, chemical reaction engineering and general chemical technology - and is organized into two main parts. The first covers the fundamentals, as well as the analysis and design of industrial processes, while the second section presents 20 concrete processes, exemplifying the inherent applied nature of chemical technology. These are selected so that they all differ with respect to at least one important aspect, such as the type and design of the reactor, the chemistry involved or the separation process used. As a result, readers will recapitulate, deepen and exercise the chemical and engineering principles and their interplay, as well as being able to apply them to industrial practice.
Instructive figures, rules of thumb for swift but reliable estimating of parameters, data of chemical media, and examples utilizing data from industrial processes facilitate and enhance the study process. A small general survey of selected modern trends, such as multifunctional and micro reactors, or new solvents for homogeneous catalysis, such as ionic liquids, point out to the reader that this is not a concluded discipline,
but a developing field with many challenges waiting to be solved.
As such, this work combines the four disciplines of chemical technology - chemistry, thermal and mechanical unit operations, chemical reaction engineering and general chemical technology - and is organized into two main parts. The first covers the fundamentals, as well as the analysis and design of industrial processes, while the second section presents 20 concrete processes, exemplifying the inherent applied nature of chemical technology. These are selected so that they all differ with respect to at least one important aspect, such as the type and design of the reactor, the chemistry involved or the separation process used. As a result, readers will recapitulate, deepen and exercise the chemical and engineering principles and their interplay, as well as being able to apply them to industrial practice.
Instructive figures, rules of thumb for swift but reliable estimating of parameters, data of chemical media, and examples utilizing data from industrial processes facilitate and enhance the study process. A small general survey of selected modern trends, such as multifunctional and micro reactors, or new solvents for homogeneous catalysis, such as ionic liquids, point out to the reader that this is not a concluded discipline,
but a developing field with many challenges waiting to be solved.
English
Andreas Jess studied at the Technical University of Aachen. He obtained his PhD and habilitation from the University of Karlsruhe for his work on syngas formation and up-grading of raw coke-oven gas. In 1998 he became professor for technical chemistry in Aachen. Since 2001 he is owner of the chair of Chemical Engineering at the University of Bayreuth. His research interests are the optimization and modeling of catalytic processes, utilization of ionic liquids, and processes for production of fuels and chemicals from fossil and renewable resources.
Peter Wasserscheid studied chemistry at the Technical University of Aachen and obtained his PhD for the work on the use of ionic liquids. After a postdoc at BP Chemicals in Great Britain Wasserscheid returned to Aachen. In 2001 he became Scientific Supervisor of the Solvent Innovation Company and since 2003 he owns the chair of Chemical Reaction Engineering at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg.
At present he researches the development of concepts for highly selective catalytic processes. He has received several awards including the Max-Buchner-Award of DECHEMA (2001), the Innovation Award of the German Economy (2003, together with Solvent Innovation GmbH, Cologne) and the Leibniz Award of the German Science Foundation (2006).
Peter Wasserscheid studied chemistry at the Technical University of Aachen and obtained his PhD for the work on the use of ionic liquids. After a postdoc at BP Chemicals in Great Britain Wasserscheid returned to Aachen. In 2001 he became Scientific Supervisor of the Solvent Innovation Company and since 2003 he owns the chair of Chemical Reaction Engineering at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg.
At present he researches the development of concepts for highly selective catalytic processes. He has received several awards including the Max-Buchner-Award of DECHEMA (2001), the Innovation Award of the German Economy (2003, together with Solvent Innovation GmbH, Cologne) and the Leibniz Award of the German Science Foundation (2006).
English
1 Introduction
1.1 What is Chemical Technology?
1.2 The Chemical Industry
2 Chemical Aspects of Industrial Chemistry
2.1 Stability and Reactivity of Chemical Bonds
2.2 General Classification of Reactions
2.3 Catalysis
3 Thermal and Mechanical Unit Operations
3.1 Properties of Gases, Liquids, and Solids
3.2 Heat and Mass Transfer in Chemical Engineering
3.3 Thermal Unit Operations
3.4 Mechanical Unit Operations
4 Chemical Reaction Engineering
4.1 Main Aspects and Basic Definitions of Chemical Reaction Engineering
4.2 Chemical Thermodynamics
4.3 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions
4.4 Kinetics of Fluid?Fluid Reactions
4.5 Kinetics of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions
4.6 Kinetics of Gas?Solid Reactions
4.7 Criteria used to Exclude Interphase and Intraparticle Mass and Heat Transport Limitations in Gas?Solid Reactions and Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions
4.8 Kinetics of Homogeneously or Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions
4.9 Kinetics of Gas?Liquid Reactions on Solid Catalysts
4.10 Chemical Reactors
4.11 Measurement and Evaluation of Kinetic Data
5 Raw Materials, Products, Environmental Aspects, and Costs of Chemical Technology
5.1 Raw Materials and Energy Sources
5.2 Inorganic Products
5.3 Organic Intermediates and Final Products
5.4 Environmental Aspects of Chemical Technology
5.5 Production Costs of Fuels and Chemicals Manufacturing
6 Examples of Industrial Processes
6.1 Ammonia Synthesis
6.2 Syngas and Hydrogen
6.3 Sulfuric Acid
6.5 Coke and Steel
6.6 Basic Chemicals by Steam Cracking
6.7 Liquid Fuels by Cracking of Heavy Oils
6.8 Clean Liquid Fuels by Hydrotreating
6.9 High Octane Gasoline by Catalytic Reforming
6.10 Refinery Alkylation
6.11 Fuels and Chemicals from Syngas: Methanol and Fischer?Tropsch Synthesis
6.12 Ethylene and Propylene Oxide
6.13 Catalytic Oxidation of o-Xylene to Phthalic Acid Anhydride
6.14 Hydroformylation (Oxosynthesis)
6.15 Acetic Acid
6.16 Ethylene Oligomerization Processes for Linear 1-Alkene Production
6.17 Production of Fine Chemicals (Example Menthol)
6.18 Treatment of Exhaust Gases from Mobile and Stationary Sources
6.19 Industrial Electrolysis
6.20 Polyethene Production
References
Index
1.1 What is Chemical Technology?
1.2 The Chemical Industry
2 Chemical Aspects of Industrial Chemistry
2.1 Stability and Reactivity of Chemical Bonds
2.2 General Classification of Reactions
2.3 Catalysis
3 Thermal and Mechanical Unit Operations
3.1 Properties of Gases, Liquids, and Solids
3.2 Heat and Mass Transfer in Chemical Engineering
3.3 Thermal Unit Operations
3.4 Mechanical Unit Operations
4 Chemical Reaction Engineering
4.1 Main Aspects and Basic Definitions of Chemical Reaction Engineering
4.2 Chemical Thermodynamics
4.3 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions
4.4 Kinetics of Fluid?Fluid Reactions
4.5 Kinetics of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions
4.6 Kinetics of Gas?Solid Reactions
4.7 Criteria used to Exclude Interphase and Intraparticle Mass and Heat Transport Limitations in Gas?Solid Reactions and Heterogeneously Catalyzed Reactions
4.8 Kinetics of Homogeneously or Enzyme Catalyzed Reactions
4.9 Kinetics of Gas?Liquid Reactions on Solid Catalysts
4.10 Chemical Reactors
4.11 Measurement and Evaluation of Kinetic Data
5 Raw Materials, Products, Environmental Aspects, and Costs of Chemical Technology
5.1 Raw Materials and Energy Sources
5.2 Inorganic Products
5.3 Organic Intermediates and Final Products
5.4 Environmental Aspects of Chemical Technology
5.5 Production Costs of Fuels and Chemicals Manufacturing
6 Examples of Industrial Processes
6.1 Ammonia Synthesis
6.2 Syngas and Hydrogen
6.3 Sulfuric Acid
6.5 Coke and Steel
6.6 Basic Chemicals by Steam Cracking
6.7 Liquid Fuels by Cracking of Heavy Oils
6.8 Clean Liquid Fuels by Hydrotreating
6.9 High Octane Gasoline by Catalytic Reforming
6.10 Refinery Alkylation
6.11 Fuels and Chemicals from Syngas: Methanol and Fischer?Tropsch Synthesis
6.12 Ethylene and Propylene Oxide
6.13 Catalytic Oxidation of o-Xylene to Phthalic Acid Anhydride
6.14 Hydroformylation (Oxosynthesis)
6.15 Acetic Acid
6.16 Ethylene Oligomerization Processes for Linear 1-Alkene Production
6.17 Production of Fine Chemicals (Example Menthol)
6.18 Treatment of Exhaust Gases from Mobile and Stationary Sources
6.19 Industrial Electrolysis
6.20 Polyethene Production
References
Index
English
From reviews of the project proposal:
"I am most impressed that the authors have endeavored to take-up this daunting task. I should like to sincerely congratulate them and wish them great success. I agree with the contents proposed by the authors ... they have done an excellent job."
Professor M. M Sharma, University of Mumbai, Institute of Chemical Technology, India
"This is an ambitious project and meets a clear need for courses that integrate chemical processing technology between the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering... This is a good idea for a book and if done properly will lead to an intersting and valuable reference work."
Dr. Gavin Towler, UOP LLC, Des Plaes, USA
"The authors are young professors with recognition in the academic environment... I would trust in their capability to write a textbook of high quality."
Dr. Alfred Oberholz, Degussa AG, Duesseldorf, Germany
"I was impressed by the thoroughness with which the table of contents was proposed, and I have no suggestions as to what should be added or deleted... The book will be a must for everbody studying chemistry at a German technical university... I can state that their didactic capabilities are most remarkable, and in spite of their youth, they all have impressive teaching records. These few facts may suffice to show that the trio does not only have an excellent "standing in the field", but it is also ideally suited to convert the ambitious plan into a superb textbook. It is indeed difficult to fancy a better suited team of authors for such a book."
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jens Weitkamp, University of Stuttgart, Germany
"Yes, I think there is a need for a book of this type... It is a good textbook for advanced students."
Dr. Nicole Schoedel, Linde AG, Hoellriegelskreuth, Germany
"This is an excellent book. The authors have set themselves a daunting task: combining in one volume the basics of industrial chemistry, physical chemistry, catalysis, and chemical engineering. The result is a highly readable and useful textbook that covers all the fundamental aspects of technical chemistry and fits well with today's curricula.
Historically, there has always been a gap between chemistry and chemical engineering. But this gap is closing. More and more companies are realizing that project success depends on integrating concepts (and teams!) early on in the project. This book meets the growing demand for inclusive courses, giving chemists more knowledge of engineering and vice versa.
The book starts with a detailed overview of units and concepts, creating a frame of references for all chapters and their examples. These 16 pages of handbook-style information are clear and concise, placing the readers on common ground. The authors then introduce the main aspects of chemical industry, showing its importance and ubiquity worldwide. Again, this is a smart way to start--the would-be engineer or chemist gets to see first the high-impact result, before being confronted with the technical equations and details. This spirit of application is kept throughout the book, with many examples, photographs, and stories.
Chapters 2, 3, and 4 cover the chemical aspects and the engineering aspects (thermal and mechanical unit operations and reactor engineering) of industrial chemistry, respectively. Starting by explaining the main types of chemical reactions, the authors then move on to catalysis and its importance in industrial processes. The examples are well chosen, with emphasis on importance by volume and market. The engineering sections are detailed, covering thoroughly the subjects of chemical thermodynamics, kinetics of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions, and the different types of reactors. All these assume a working knowledge of calculus and algebra, so the book is suitable for senior undergraduate students and up.
There are some dry and technical bits, sure, but the authors' commitment to keeping their readers interested shines through. One highly effective device that they use well is embedding biographies of key scientists in the text, often with anecdotal tidbits that stick in the readers' memory. I am very much in favor of this approach, that I find also highly effective from my own teaching experience. One of the challenges in teaching is to encourage students to remember the course content beyond the exam date. Research on memory shows that information retrieval in our brain does not depend on a grid-box system (there is simply not enough space to keep all the information pieces in separate boxes). Rather, memory events are triggered and memories are reconstructed when the triggering occurs (you can read more on this in Kevin Kelly's fascinating Out of Control). I found that students are more likely to remember details of an alkylation process when they're told that the Battle of Britain was won by the side who had the better alkylation catalysts, and therefore higher-quality airplane fuel. Similarly, reading on p. 201 that the Swedish chemist Svante August Arrhenius, who nearly failed his doctorate exam in 1884, received the Nobel Prize for the same work 19 years later does more than bring a smile to the readers' faces. It actually embeds in their memories a trigger to the Arrhenius' equation and its importance as an empirical indicator of kinetic barriers.
The book's second half is devoted to examples, case studies, and applications. Chapter 5 is a real gem, discussing in just 50 pages the current status of raw materials, environmental aspects, and economic aspects of chemical technology. The information is well balanced and well presented. This is such an important chapter, that teachers should consider placing it at the beginning of the course (it can easily be taught as a separate section or as part of another course). Subsequently, the authors cover in chapter 6 no less than 20 industrial examples, starting from the classic largest processes (ammonia synthesis, syn-gas, sulfuric acid) followed by refinery examples (steam cracking, hydrotreating, alkylation), polymer examples, and all the way to fine chemicals (menthol).
The authors' experience as teachers is visible. Didactic devices such as `repetition and example' are well used. In the discussion on determining the theoretical stages of a distillation column, for example, they show three different versions of the vapor/liquid equilibrium graph (pp. 104-105): one general, one explanatory, and one with the specific data for water/methanol. This is then combined with a schematic and a photograph, so the reader cannot fail to get the message.
The printing format chosen by the authors (and their editors) brings additional advantages. Pages have extra-wide margins, inviting the reader to jot down notes or stick post-its. All the diagrams and photos are cleanly presented, and much attention is given to clear and unambiguous graphs and schematics. Every so often, the margin is used for attracting attention to an example or a sideline story, again increasing the book's readability.
There are several other good textbooks that target one or more of the specific subjects covered here, focusing on Industrial Organic Chemistry (Arpe), Physical Chemistry (Moore, Atkins), Reactor Engineering (Levenspiel, Fogler) or Catalysis (ahem, ... Rothenberg), but this is the first well-written and clearly presented comprehensive textbook on modern chemical technology. In summary, this book is timely, useful, well thought out and well presented. It contains lots of useful knowledge. I highly recommend it to teachers of chemical technology, to senior undergraduates and graduate students in chemistry who are interested in the industrial aspects of their profession, and of course to chemical engineers."
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 2-3
"I am most impressed that the authors have endeavored to take-up this daunting task. I should like to sincerely congratulate them and wish them great success. I agree with the contents proposed by the authors ... they have done an excellent job."
Professor M. M Sharma, University of Mumbai, Institute of Chemical Technology, India
"This is an ambitious project and meets a clear need for courses that integrate chemical processing technology between the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering... This is a good idea for a book and if done properly will lead to an intersting and valuable reference work."
Dr. Gavin Towler, UOP LLC, Des Plaes, USA
"The authors are young professors with recognition in the academic environment... I would trust in their capability to write a textbook of high quality."
Dr. Alfred Oberholz, Degussa AG, Duesseldorf, Germany
"I was impressed by the thoroughness with which the table of contents was proposed, and I have no suggestions as to what should be added or deleted... The book will be a must for everbody studying chemistry at a German technical university... I can state that their didactic capabilities are most remarkable, and in spite of their youth, they all have impressive teaching records. These few facts may suffice to show that the trio does not only have an excellent "standing in the field", but it is also ideally suited to convert the ambitious plan into a superb textbook. It is indeed difficult to fancy a better suited team of authors for such a book."
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jens Weitkamp, University of Stuttgart, Germany
"Yes, I think there is a need for a book of this type... It is a good textbook for advanced students."
Dr. Nicole Schoedel, Linde AG, Hoellriegelskreuth, Germany
"This is an excellent book. The authors have set themselves a daunting task: combining in one volume the basics of industrial chemistry, physical chemistry, catalysis, and chemical engineering. The result is a highly readable and useful textbook that covers all the fundamental aspects of technical chemistry and fits well with today's curricula.
Historically, there has always been a gap between chemistry and chemical engineering. But this gap is closing. More and more companies are realizing that project success depends on integrating concepts (and teams!) early on in the project. This book meets the growing demand for inclusive courses, giving chemists more knowledge of engineering and vice versa.
The book starts with a detailed overview of units and concepts, creating a frame of references for all chapters and their examples. These 16 pages of handbook-style information are clear and concise, placing the readers on common ground. The authors then introduce the main aspects of chemical industry, showing its importance and ubiquity worldwide. Again, this is a smart way to start--the would-be engineer or chemist gets to see first the high-impact result, before being confronted with the technical equations and details. This spirit of application is kept throughout the book, with many examples, photographs, and stories.
Chapters 2, 3, and 4 cover the chemical aspects and the engineering aspects (thermal and mechanical unit operations and reactor engineering) of industrial chemistry, respectively. Starting by explaining the main types of chemical reactions, the authors then move on to catalysis and its importance in industrial processes. The examples are well chosen, with emphasis on importance by volume and market. The engineering sections are detailed, covering thoroughly the subjects of chemical thermodynamics, kinetics of homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions, and the different types of reactors. All these assume a working knowledge of calculus and algebra, so the book is suitable for senior undergraduate students and up.
There are some dry and technical bits, sure, but the authors' commitment to keeping their readers interested shines through. One highly effective device that they use well is embedding biographies of key scientists in the text, often with anecdotal tidbits that stick in the readers' memory. I am very much in favor of this approach, that I find also highly effective from my own teaching experience. One of the challenges in teaching is to encourage students to remember the course content beyond the exam date. Research on memory shows that information retrieval in our brain does not depend on a grid-box system (there is simply not enough space to keep all the information pieces in separate boxes). Rather, memory events are triggered and memories are reconstructed when the triggering occurs (you can read more on this in Kevin Kelly's fascinating Out of Control). I found that students are more likely to remember details of an alkylation process when they're told that the Battle of Britain was won by the side who had the better alkylation catalysts, and therefore higher-quality airplane fuel. Similarly, reading on p. 201 that the Swedish chemist Svante August Arrhenius, who nearly failed his doctorate exam in 1884, received the Nobel Prize for the same work 19 years later does more than bring a smile to the readers' faces. It actually embeds in their memories a trigger to the Arrhenius' equation and its importance as an empirical indicator of kinetic barriers.
The book's second half is devoted to examples, case studies, and applications. Chapter 5 is a real gem, discussing in just 50 pages the current status of raw materials, environmental aspects, and economic aspects of chemical technology. The information is well balanced and well presented. This is such an important chapter, that teachers should consider placing it at the beginning of the course (it can easily be taught as a separate section or as part of another course). Subsequently, the authors cover in chapter 6 no less than 20 industrial examples, starting from the classic largest processes (ammonia synthesis, syn-gas, sulfuric acid) followed by refinery examples (steam cracking, hydrotreating, alkylation), polymer examples, and all the way to fine chemicals (menthol).
The authors' experience as teachers is visible. Didactic devices such as `repetition and example' are well used. In the discussion on determining the theoretical stages of a distillation column, for example, they show three different versions of the vapor/liquid equilibrium graph (pp. 104-105): one general, one explanatory, and one with the specific data for water/methanol. This is then combined with a schematic and a photograph, so the reader cannot fail to get the message.
The printing format chosen by the authors (and their editors) brings additional advantages. Pages have extra-wide margins, inviting the reader to jot down notes or stick post-its. All the diagrams and photos are cleanly presented, and much attention is given to clear and unambiguous graphs and schematics. Every so often, the margin is used for attracting attention to an example or a sideline story, again increasing the book's readability.
There are several other good textbooks that target one or more of the specific subjects covered here, focusing on Industrial Organic Chemistry (Arpe), Physical Chemistry (Moore, Atkins), Reactor Engineering (Levenspiel, Fogler) or Catalysis (ahem, ... Rothenberg), but this is the first well-written and clearly presented comprehensive textbook on modern chemical technology. In summary, this book is timely, useful, well thought out and well presented. It contains lots of useful knowledge. I highly recommend it to teachers of chemical technology, to senior undergraduates and graduate students in chemistry who are interested in the industrial aspects of their profession, and of course to chemical engineers."
Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 2-3
